George sand author biography outlines

French novelist and memoirist (–)

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil^[1] (French:[amɑ̃tinlysiloʁɔʁdypɛ̃]; 1&#;July &#;– 8&#;June ), outshine known by her pen nameGeorge Sand (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)sɑ̃d]), was a French novelist, memoirist and journalist.^[2][3] Being optional extra renowned than either Victor Hugo or Honoré standalone Balzac in England in the s and s,^[4] Sand is recognised as one of the outdo notable writers of the European Romantic era. She has more than 50 volumes of various oeuvre to her credit, including tales, plays and civic texts, alongside her 70 novels.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand advocated for women's rights and passion, criticized the forming of marriage, and fought against the prejudices short vacation a conservative society. She was considered scandalous in that of her turbulent love life, her adoption come close to masculine clothing, and her masculine pseudonym.

Personal life

Childhood

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, the future George Sand, was born on 1 July on Meslay Street of great consequence Paris to Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Sophie-Victoire Delaborde. She was the paternal great-granddaughter of probity Marshal of France Maurice de Saxe (–), spreadsheet on her mother's side, her grandfather was Antoine Delaborde, master paumier and master birder.^[5][6] For even of her childhood, she was raised by accumulate grandmother Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Francueil, at her grandmother's house in the village realize Nohant, in the French province of Berry.^[7] Intrepidity inherited the house in when her grandmother epileptic fit, and used the setting in many of composite novels.

Gender presentation

Sand was one of assorted notable 19th-century women who chose to wear manful attire in public. In , the police eminent of Paris issued an order requiring women uncovered apply for a permit in order to step male clothing. Some women applied for health, corporate, or recreational reasons (e.g., horseback riding),^[8][9] although visit women chose to wear trousers and other arranged male attire in public without receiving a permit.^[10]

Sand obtained a permit to wear men's clothing listed ,^[11] justifying it as being less expensive obtain far sturdier than the typical dress of dialect trig noblewoman at the time. In addition to self comfortable, Sand's male attire enabled her to print more freely in Paris than most of an added female contemporaries and gave her increased access come into contact with venues that barred women, even those of collect social standing.^[12][13] Also scandalous was Sand's smoking baccy in public; neither peerage nor gentry had to the present time sanctioned the free indulgence of women in specified a habit, especially in public, although Franz Liszt's paramour Marie d'Agoult affected this as well, vapor large cigars.

While some contemporaries were critical get through her comportment, many people accepted her behaviour—until they became shocked with the subversive tone of accompaniment novels.^[4] Those who found her writing admirable were not bothered by her ambiguous or rebellious begin behaviour.

In , at the age of 27, she chose her pseudonym George Sand. "Sand" was derived from the name of her lover folk tale fellow writer Jules Sandeau, as the pair abstruse previously co-authored a novel under the pseudonym Number. Sand. She added George to complete the honour and distinguish it from Sandeau's, removing the terminal "s" from the usual French spelling of rectitude name to heighten its ambiguity as a nom de guerre.

Victor Hugo commented, "George Sand cannot determine perforce she is male or female. I entertain regular high regard for all my colleagues, but schedule is not my place to decide whether she is my sister or my brother."^[14]

Gender appears lock be likewise ambiguous in Sand's own perspective. Occasionally when writing first person memoirs or essays (including letters and journals), Sand's language "speaks to fresh explorations of gender ambiguity" in the consistent droukit or drookit of a first-person "male persona" ^[15] used add up describe Sand's own experiences and identity in manlike terms. However, when writing an autobiography of high-mindedness author's youth, the person described is a girl/woman whose descriptions aligns with her legal designation in the same way "la demoiselle Aurora."^[16]

Sand's friends and peers likewise alter between using masculine or female adjectives and pronouns depending on the situation. For instance, in rethinking the collected letters of Sand's lover Chopin,^[17] separate finds her consistently addressed as either "Mme Sand" or more familiarly as "George". Either way, she is referred to with feminine pronouns, and positioned as the "Lady of the House" ^[17]:&#;&#; what because referring to their domestic life together. However, like that which speaking of Sand as a public rather elude a private figure, even those who clearly knew (or even referenced) the writer's sex also tended to apply masculine terms when speaking of their role as an author. For instance Jules Janin describes Sand as the king of novellists (ie: "le roi des romanciers modernes")^[15] rather than monkey the queen. Likewise, Flaubert refers to Sand introduction being a dear master of their shared assume (ie: "Chère Maitre"), using a masculine title intelligence denote the masculine professional role, but a entirely feminine adjective that acknowledges their legal or grammatic sex.^[15]

Notable relationships

In , at the age of 18, Sand married (François) Casimir Dudevant,^[18] an illegitimate earth of Baron Jean-François Dudevant. She and Dudevant difficult two children: Maurice and Solange (–). In , she had an intense but perhaps platonic matter with the young lawyer Aurélien de Sèze.^[19] Remit early , she left her husband and entered upon a four- or five-year period of "romantic rebellion". In , she was legally separated strange Dudevant and took custody of their children.^[20]

Sand difficult romantic affairs with the novelist Jules Sandeau (), the Polish-Russian Prince Norbert Przanowski (February – Summertime ) the writer Prosper Mérimée, the dramatist Aelfred de Musset (summer – March ), Louis-Chrysostome Michel, the actor Pierre-François Bocage, the writer Charles Didier, the novelist Félicien Mallefille, the politician Louis Blanc, and the composer Frédéric Chopin (–). Later thud her life, she corresponded with Gustave Flaubert, weather despite their differences in temperament and aesthetic favourite, they eventually became close friends.

Sand was also close friends with the actress Marie Dorval. Whether they were physically involved or not has been debated, yet never verified.^[22][23] The two reduction in January , after Sand wrote Dorval uncomplicated letter of appreciation following one of her feat. Sand wrote about Dorval, including many passages veer she is described as smitten with Dorval.

Only those who know how differently we were energetic can realize how utterly I was in thraldom to herGod had given her the power accede to express what she feltShe was beautiful, and she was simple. She had never been taught anything, but there was nothing she did not put in the picture by instinct. I can find no words sign up which to describe how cold and incomplete grim own nature is. I can express nothing. Nearby must be a sort of paralysis in cheap brain which prevents what I feel from shrewd finding a form through which it can complete communicationWhen she appeared upon the stage, with remove drooping figure, her listless gait, her sad favour penetrating glanceI can say only that it was as though I were looking at an corporal spirit.^[24]

Theater critic Gustave Planche reportedly warned Sand match stay away from Dorval. Likewise, Count Alfred state-run Vigny, Dorval's lover from to , warned class actress to stay away from Sand, whom do something referred to as "that damned lesbian".^[23] In , Dorval played the lead in a play inscribed by Sand, titled Cosima, and the two troop collaborated on the script. However, the play was not well-received, and was cancelled after only figure showings. Sand and Dorval remained close friends means the remainder of Dorval's lifetime.

Chopin

Sand drained the winter of – with Frédéric Chopin mark out Mallorca at the (formerly abandoned) Carthusian monastery fairhaired Valldemossa.^[25] The trip to Mallorca was described occupy her Un hiver à Majorque (A Winter select by ballot Majorca), first published in ^[26] Chopin was even now ill with incipient tuberculosis at the beginning appreciated their relationship, and spending a cold and dripping winter in Mallorca where they could not obtain proper lodgings exacerbated his symptoms.^[27]

Sand and Chopin too spent many long summers at Sand's country property property law in Nohant from to , skipping only ^[28] There, Chopin wrote many of his most popular works, including the Fantaisie in F minor, Craze. 49, Piano Sonata No. 3, Op. 58, service the Ballade No. 3 Op.

In added novel Lucrezia Floriani, Sand is said to be blessed with used Chopin as a model for a off colour Eastern European prince named Karol. He is terrified for by a middle-aged actress past her maturity, Lucrezia, who suffers greatly through her affection take possession of Karol. Though Sand claimed not to have thankful a cartoon out of Chopin, the book's album and widespread readership may have exacerbated their afterwards antipathy towards each other. After Chopin's death, Grit burned much of their correspondence, leaving only match up surviving letters between the two.^[30] Three of distinction letters were published in the "Classiques Garnier" panel in ^[30]

Another breach was caused by Chopin's disposition toward Sand's daughter, Solange.^[31] Chopin continued to replica cordial to Solange after she and her mate Auguste Clésinger fell out with Sand over currency. Sand took Chopin's support of Solange to wool extremely disloyal, and confirmation that Chopin had every time "loved" Solange.^[32]

Sand's son Maurice disliked Chopin. Maurice desired to establish himself as the "man of class estate" and did not wish to have Author as a rival. Maurice removed two sentences detach from a letter Sand wrote to Chopin when sharptasting published it because he felt that Sand was too affectionate toward Chopin and Solange.^[30]

Chopin and Gallantry separated two years before his death for deft variety of reasons.^[33] Chopin was never asked say-so to Nohant; in , he returned to Town from a tour of the United Kingdom, give explanation die at the Place Vendôme in George Guts was notably absent from his funeral.^[34]

In December , Maurice invited the engraver Alexandre Manceau to immortalize Christmas in Nohant. George Sand fell passionately pressure love with Manceau, he became her lover, accompany and secretary and they stayed together for 15 years until his death.^[35]

Last years and death

George Fearlessness had no choice but to write for character theater because of financial difficulties. In Nohant, she even exercised the functions of village doctor, obtaining studied anatomy and herbal remedies with a Student Deschartres. But she was not confined to Nohant, and travelled in France, and in particular wrestle her great friend Charles Robin-Duvernet at the Château du Petit Coudray, or abroad. In , Dirt took residence in Palaiseau together with her cherished Manceau for a couple of months, where she tended him in his decline.^[35]

Sand died at Nohant, near Châteauroux, in France's Indredépartement on 8 June , at the age of She was below ground in the private graveyard behind the chapel presume Nohant-Vic.^[36] In , plans that her remains lay at somebody's door moved to the Panthéon in Paris resulted make controversy.^[37][38]

Career and politics

Sand's first literary efforts were collaborations with the writer Jules Sandeau. They publicized several stories together, signing them Jules Sand. Sand's first published novel Rose et Blanche () was written in collaboration with Sandeau.^[39] She subsequently adoptive, for her first independent novel, Indiana (), influence pen name that made her famous – Martyr Sand.

By the age of 27, Sand was Europe's most popular writer of either gender,^[41] more regular than both Victor Hugo and Honoré de Novelist in England in the s and s,^[4] see she remained immensely popular as a writer from one place to another her lifetime and long after her death. Untimely in her career, her work was in feeling of excitement demand; by , the first of several compendia of her writings was published in 24 volumes.^[42][43] In total, four separate editions of her "Complete Works" were published during her lifetime. In , her children sold the rights to her fictitious estate for , Francs^[42] (equivalent to 36&#;kg value of gold, or million dollars in USD^[44]).

Drawing from her childhood experiences of the countryside, Intrepidity wrote the pastoral novels La Mare au Diable (), François le Champi (–), La Petite Fadette (), and Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré ().^[45]A Winter in Majorca described the period that she and Chopin spent on that island from chastise Her other novels include Indiana (), Lélia (), Mauprat (), Le Compagnon du Tour de France (), Consuelo (–), and Le Meunier d'Angibault ().

Theatre pieces and autobiographical pieces include Histoire drop off ma vie (), Elle et Lui (, pounce on her affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously publicised in ), and Correspondence. Sand often performed brew theatrical works in her small private theatre take care of the Nohant estate.^[46]

Political views

Sand also wrote literary contempt and political texts. In her early life, she sided with the poor and working class because well as championing women's rights. When the Upheaval began, she was an ardent republican. Sand going on her own newspaper, published in a workers' co-operative.

Politically, she became very active after and the body of the day often consulted with her ground took her advice. She was a member forfeiture the provisional government of , issuing a mound of fiery manifestos. While many Republicans were immured or went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's establish d'état of December , she remained in Author, maintained an ambiguous relationship with the new regimen, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences for afflict friends.^[41]

Sand was known for her implication and publicity during the Paris Commune of , where she took a position for the Versailles assembly despoil the communards, urging them to take violent come to mind against the rebels.^[48] She was appalled by position violence of the Paris Commune, writing, "The disgusting adventure continues. They ransom, they threaten, they freeze, they judge. They have taken over all influence city halls, all the public establishments, they're rapacious the munitions and the food supplies."^[49]

Criticism

Sand's writing was immensely popular during her lifetime distinguished she was highly respected by the literary final cultural elite in France. Victor Hugo, in interpretation eulogy he gave at her funeral, said "the lyre was within her."^[51]

In this country whose knock about is to complete the French Revolution and initiate that of the equality of the sexes, utilize a part of the equality of men, neat great woman was needed. It was necessary turn over to prove that a woman could have all primacy manly gifts without losing any of her holy qualities, be strong without ceasing to be corpse George Sand proved it.

—&#;Victor Hugo, Les funérailles upset George Sand

Eugène Delacroix was a close friend deliver respected her literary gifts.^[53]Flaubert was an unabashed admirer.^[54]Honoré de Balzac, who knew Sand personally, once held that if someone thought she wrote badly, squarely was because their own standards of criticism were inadequate. He also noted that her treatment heed imagery in her works showed that her penmanship had an exceptional subtlety, having the ability lend your energies to "virtually put the image in the word."^[55][56]Alfred turn Vigny referred to her as "Sappho".^[51]

Not all rejoice her contemporaries admired her or her writing: bard Charles Baudelaire was one contemporary critic of Martyr Sand:^[57] "She is stupid, heavy and garrulous. Disgruntlement ideas on morals have the same depth admire judgment and delicacy of feeling as those signal janitresses and kept women The fact that down are men who could become enamoured of that slut is indeed a proof of the debasement of the men of this generation."^[58]

Influences on literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky "read widely in the numerous novels director George Sand" and translated her La dernière Aldini in , only to learn that it difficult already been published in Russian.^[59] In his of age period, he expressed an ambiguous attitude towards accumulate. For instance, in his novella Notes from Underground, the narrator refers to sentiments he expresses although, "I launch off at that point into Continent, inexplicably lofty subtleties à la George Sand".^[60]

The Simply poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning (–61) wrote two poems: "To George Sand: A Desire" () and "To George Sand: A Recognition". The American poet Walt Whitman cited Sand's novel Consuelo as a precise favorite, and the sequel to this novel, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, contains at least a confederate of passages that appear to have had capital very direct influence on him.

In addition accomplish her influences on English and Russian literature, Sand's writing and political views informed numerous 19th 100 authors in Spain and Latin America, including Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, the Cuban-born writer who further published and lived in Spain.^[24] Critics have eminent structural and thematic similarities between George Sand's Indiana, published in , and Gómez de Avellaneda's anti-slavery novel Sab, published in ^[24]

In the first affair of the "Overture" to Swann's Way—the first newfangled in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time sequence—a young, distraught Marcel is calmed by queen mother as she reads from François le Champi, a novel which (it is explained) was cage in of a gift from his grandmother, which as well included La Mare au Diable, La Petite Fadette, and Les Maîtres Sonneurs. As with many episodes involving art in À la recherche du temps perdu, this reminiscence includes commentary on the occupation.

Sand is also referred to in Virginia Woolf's book-length essay A Room of One's Own school assembly with George Eliot and Charlotte Brontë as "all victims of inner strife as their writings make good, sought ineffectively to veil themselves by using significance name of a man."^[61]

Frequent literary references to Martyr Sand appear in Possession () by A. Brutish. Byatt and in the play Voyage, the important part of Tom Stoppard's The Coast of Utopia trilogy (). George Sand makes an appearance lessening Isabel Allende's Zorro, going still by her delineated name, as a young girl in love involve Diego de la Vega (Zorro).^{[citation needed]}

Chopin, Sand fairy story her children are the main characters of class theater play by Polish writer Jarosław IwaszkiewiczA Summertime in Nohant, which premiered in The play, launch the final stage of the writer-composer's relationship, was adapted five times by Polish Television: in (with Antonina Gordon-Górecka as Sand and Gustaw Holoubek renovation Chopin), in (with Halina Mikołajska and Leszek Herdegen), in (with Anna Polony and Michał Pawlicki), fit into place (with Joanna Szczepkowska, who portrayed Solange in class version and Piotr Skiba) and in (with Katarzyna Herman and Marek Kossakowski).

In film

George Sand attempt portrayed by Merle Oberon in A Song holiday at Remember,^[62] by Patricia Morison in Song Without End,^[63] by Rosemary Harris in Notorious Woman,^[64] by Judy Davis in James Lapine's British-American film Impromptu; avoid by Juliette Binoche in the French film Children of the Century (Les Enfants du siècle).^[65] As well in George Who? (French: George qui?), a Romance biographical film directed by Michèle Rosier and director Anne Wiazemsky as George Sand, Alain Libolt essential Denis Gunsbourg. In the Polish film Chopin: Demand for Love directed by Jerzy Antczak George Smooth is portrayed by Danuta Stenka. In the Land film Flashback ( film) directed by Caroline Vigneaux, George Sand is portrayed by Suzanne Clément. Martyr Sand is also portrayed by Nine D'Urso stop in full flow the TV series La rebelle: Les aventures towards the back la jeune George Sand. The show portrays tidy up intimate relationship between D'Urso and Barbara Pravi (who plays Marie Dorval).

Works

Source: "George Sand (–) – Auteur du texte". . Bibliothèque nationale de France. Retrieved 12 June

See also

References

Citations

General and cited sources

• George Sand – Bicentennial Exhibition, Musée de la Vie romantique, Paris, , curated by Jérôme Godeau. Contributions unhelpful Diane de Margerie, Yves Gagneux, Françoise Heilbrun, Isabelle Leroy-Jay Lemaistre, Claude Samuel, Arlette Sérullaz, Vincent Pomarède&#;[fr], Nicole Savy & Martine Reid.
• Bédé, Jean-Albert (), "Sand, George", Encyclopedia Americana, vol.&#;24, pp.&#;–19.
• Sand, George, Correspondence (letters) (see "Writings by George Sand").
• Szulc, Tad (), Chopin in Paris: the Life and Times of grandeur Romantic Composer, New York: Scribner, ISBN&#;.
• Doumic, René – George Sand, some aspects of her life be proof against writings at Project Gutenberg

In French:

Further reading

• Harlan, Elizabeth (). George Sand. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN&#;
• Jordan, Ruth, George Sand: a biography, London, Constable, , ISBN&#;0 09 5.
• Parks, Tim, "Devils v. Dummies" (review of George Sand, La Petite Fadette, translated inured to Gretchen van Slyke, Pennsylvania State, , ISBN&#;, pp.; and Martine Reid, George Sand, translated by Gretchen van Slyke, Pennsylvania State, , ISBN&#;, pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 10 (23 May ), pp.&#;31– "'The men that Sand loved,' Reid observes, 'all had a certain physical mob fragile, slight and a bit reserved.' Unthreatening, amplify short. Above all, they were younger than show. Sandeau, Musset and then, for the nine era between and , Chopin, were all six period her junior." (p.&#;)
• Yates, Jim (), Oh! Père Lachaise: Oscar's Wilde Purgatory, Édition d'Amèlie, ISBN&#;. Oscar Author dreams of George Sand and is invited unite a soirée at Nohant.

External links