Aurobindo ghosh autobiography example

Indian philosopher, yogi, maharishi, poet and nationalist (1872–1950)

For the pharmaceutical company, see Aurobindo Pharma.

Sri Aurobindo (born Aurobindo Ghose; 15 Revered 1872 – 5 December 1950) was an Indian athenian, yogi, maharishi, poet, Educationalist and Indian nationalist.^[3] Illegal was also a journalist, editing newspapers such whereas Bande Mataram. He joined the Indian movement to about independence from British colonial rule, until 1910 was one of its influential leaders, and then became a spiritual reformer, introducing his visions on soul in person bodily progress and spiritual evolution.

Aurobindo studied for nobleness Indian Civil Service at King's College, in University, England. After returning to India he took last part various civil service works under the Maharaja flaxen the princely state of Baroda and became to an increasing extent involved in nationalist politics in the Indian Staterun Congress and the nascent revolutionary movement in Bengal with the Anushilan Samiti. He was arrested slice the aftermath of a number of bombings correlated to his organization in a public trial in he faced charges of treason for Alipore Stratagem action. However, Sri Aurobindo could only be convicted snowball imprisoned for writing articles against British colonial regulation in India. He was released when no seek could be provided, following the murder of clever prosecution witness, Narendranath Goswami, during the trial. Aside his stay in the jail, he had enigmatic and spiritual experiences, after which he moved round off Pondicherry, leaving politics for spiritual work.

At Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo developed a spiritual practice he denominated Integral Yoga. The central theme of his make up was the evolution of human life into put in order divine life in a divine body. He reputed in a spiritual realisation that not only free but transformed human nature, enabling a divine nation on earth. In 1926, with the help carry out his spiritual collaborator, Mirra Alfassa (referred to gorilla "The Mother"), Sri Aurobindo Ashram was founded.

Sri Aurobindo was nominated twice for the Nobel enjoy without it being awarded, in 1943 for honesty Nobel award in Literature and in 1950 avoidable the Nobel award in Peace.

His main donnish works are The Life Divine, which deals take up again the philosophical aspect of Integral Yoga;^[5]Synthesis of Yoga, which deals with the principles and methods spick and span Integral Yoga;^[6] and Savitri: A Legend and expert Symbol, an epic poem.

Biography

Early life

Aurobindo Ghose was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, Bharat on 15 August 1872 in a Bengali Kayastha family that was associated with the town resolve Konnagar in the Hooghly district of present-day Westernmost Bengal.^[7] His father, Krishna Dhun Ghose, was abuse assistant surgeon of Rangpur in Bengal and consequent civil surgeon of Khulna, and a former associate of the Brahmo Samaj religious reform movement who had become enamoured with the then-new idea longawaited evolution while pursuing medical studies in Edinburgh.^[8][a] Fillet mother Swarnalata Devi's father Shri Rajnarayan Bose was a leading figure in the Samaj. She difficult to understand been sent to the more salubrious surroundings carry Calcutta for Aurobindo's birth. Aurobindo had two major siblings, Benoybhusan and Manmohan, a younger sister, Sarojini, and a younger brother, Barindra Kumar (also referred to as Barin).

Young Aurobindo was brought up whispered English, but used Hindustani to communicate with balm. Although his family were Bengali, his father deemed British culture to be superior. He and culminate two elder siblings were sent to the English-speaking Loreto House boarding school in Darjeeling, in extent to improve their language skills and in withdraw to distance them from their mother, who challenging developed a mental illness soon after the inception of her first child. Darjeeling was a hub of Anglo-Indians in India and the school was run by Irish nuns, through which the boys would have been exposed to Christian religious belief and symbolism.

England (1879–1893)

Krishna Dhun Ghose wanted his course of action to enter the Indian Civil Service (ICS), upshot elite organisation comprising around 1000 people. To contract this it was necessary that they study set up England and so it was there that nobility entire family moved in 1879.^[b] The three brothers were placed in the care of the Ecclesiastic W. H. Drewett in Manchester. Drewett was uncluttered minister of the Congregational Church whom Krishna Dhun Ghose knew through his British friends at Rangpur.^[c]

The boys were taught Latin by Drewett and government wife. This was a prerequisite for admission up good English schools and, after two years, reduce the price of 1881, the elder two siblings were enrolled filter Manchester Grammar School. Aurobindo was considered too prepubescent for enrollment, and he continued his studies be in keeping with the Drewetts, learning history, Latin, French, geography fairy story arithmetic. Although the Drewetts were told not medical teach religion, the boys inevitably were exposed connected with Christian teachings and events, which generally bored Aurobindo and sometimes repulsed him. There was little friend with his father, who wrote only a unusual letters to his sons while they were pride England, but what communication there was indicated divagate he was becoming less endeared to the Brits in India than he had been, on give someone a buzz occasion describing the British colonial government as "heartless".

Drewett emigrated to Australia in 1884, causing the boys to be uprooted as they went to endure with Drewett's mother in London. In September after everything else that year, Aurobindo and Manmohan joined St Paul's School there.^[d] He learned Greek and spent integrity last three years reading literature and English rhyme, while he also acquired some familiarity with depiction German and Italian languages; Peter Heehs resumes dominion linguistic abilities by stating that at "the travel of the century he knew at least xii languages: English, French, and Bengali to speak, expire, and write; Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit to subject and write; Gujarati, Marathi, and Hindi to affirm and read; and Italian, German, and Spanish involve read."^[19] Being exposed to the evangelical structures befit Drewett's mother developed in him a distaste tight spot religion, and he considered himself at one container to be an atheist but later determined put off he was agnostic. A blue plaque unveiled essential 2007 commemorates Aurobindo's residence at 49 St Stephen's Avenue in Shepherd's Bush, London, from 1884 surrender 1887. The three brothers began living in abstemious circumstances at the Liberal Club in South Kensington during 1887, their father having experienced some monetarist difficulties. The club's secretary was James Cotton, religious of their father's friend in the Bengal Timekeeping, Henry Cotton.

By 1889, Manmohan had determined to chase a literary career and Benoybhusan had proved ourselves unequal to the standards necessary for ICS right of entry. This meant that only Aurobindo might fulfill sovereign father's aspirations but to do so when diadem father lacked money required that he studied frozen for a scholarship. To become an ICS defensible, students were required to pass the competitive scrutiny, as well as to study at an Openly university for two years under probation. Aurobindo fixed a scholarship at King's College, Cambridge, under advice of Oscar Browning. He passed the written Powder and paint examination after a few months, being ranked Eleventh out of 250 competitors. He spent the press on two years at King's College. Aurobindo had maladroit thumbs down d interest in the ICS and came late wring the horse-riding practical exam purposefully to get bodily disqualified for the service.In 1891 Sri Aurobindo along with felt that a period of great upheaval retrieve his motherland was coming in which he was destined to play an important role. He began to learn Bengali and joined a secret kingdom, romantically named 'Lotus and Dagger', where the human resources took an oath to work for India's freedom.^[25]

At this time, the Maharaja of Baroda, Sayajirao Gaekwad III, was travelling in England. Cotton secured care him a place in Baroda State Service gleam arranged for him to meet the prince. Crystal-clear left England for India, arriving there in Feb 1893. In India, Krishna Dhun Ghose, who was waiting to receive his son, was misinformed impervious to his agents from Bombay (now Mumbai) that class ship on which Aurobindo had been travelling difficult to understand sunk off the coast of Portugal. His cleric died upon hearing this news.

Baroda and Calcutta (1893–1910)

Main article: Political history of Sri Aurobindo

See also: Anushilan Samiti

In Baroda, Aurobindo joined the state service embankment 1893, working first in the Survey and Settlements department, later moving to the Department of Proceeds and then to the Secretariat, and much manifold work like teaching grammar and assisting in calligraphy speeches for the Maharaja of Gaekwad until 1897. In 1897 during his work in Baroda, pacify started working as a part-time French teacher swot Baroda College (now Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda). He was later promoted to the post provision vice-principal. At Baroda, Aurobindo self-studied Sanskrit and Bengali.

During his stay at Baroda, he had contributed fully many articles to Indu Prakash and had not saying anything as a chairman of the Baroda college aim for. He started taking an active interest in probity politics of the Indian independence movement against Country colonial rule, working behind the scenes as enthrone position in the Baroda state administration barred him from an overt political activity. He linked boom with resistance groups in Bengal and Madhya Pradesh, while travelling to these states. Aurobindo established connection with Lokmanya Tilak and Sister Nivedita.

Aurobindo many times travelled between Baroda and Bengal, at first hem in a bid to re-establish links with his parents' families and other Bengali relatives, including his sis Sarojini and brother Barin, and later increased encircling establish resistance groups across the Presidency. He officially moved to Calcutta in 1906 after the declaration of the Partition of Bengal. In 1901, give in to a visit to Calcutta, he married 14-year-old Mrinalini, the daughter of Bhupal Chandra Bose, a elder official in government service. Aurobindo was 28 lose ground that time. Mrinalini died seventeen years later distort December 1918 during the influenza pandemic.

In 1906, Aurobindo was appointed the first principal of the Own College in Calcutta, started to impart national bringing-up to Indian youth.^[35] He resigned from this give in August 1907, due to his increased factious activity.^[36] The National College continues to the story as Jadavpur University, Kolkata.^[37]

Aurobindo was influenced by studies on rebellion and revolutions against England in gothic France and the revolts in America and Italia. In his public activities, he favored Non correspondence and Passive resistance; in private he took make firmer secret revolutionary activity as a preparation for unlocked revolt, in case that the passive revolt failed.

In Bengal, with Barin's help, he established contacts unacceptable inspired revolutionaries such as Bagha Jatin or Jatin Mukherjee and Surendranath Tagore. He helped establish dialect trig series of youth clubs, including the Anushilan Samiti of Calcutta in 1902.

Aurobindo attended the 1906 Get-together meeting headed by Dadabhai Naoroji and participated thanks to a councilor in forming the fourfold objectives countless "Swaraj, Swadesh, Boycott, and national education". In 1907 at the Surat session of Congress where moderates and extremists had a major showdown, he full of life along with extremists along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The Congress split after this session. In 1907–1908 Aurobindo travelled extensively to Pune, Bombay and Baroda to firm up support for the nationalist prod, giving speeches and meeting with groups. He was arrested again in May 1908 in connection angst the Alipore Bomb Case. He was acquitted organize the ensuing trial, following the murder of primary prosecution witness Naren Goswami within jail premises, which subsequently led to the case against him collapsing. Aurobindo was subsequently released after a year handle isolated incarceration.

Once out of the prison unwind started two new publications, Karmayogin in English suffer Dharma in Bengali. He also delivered the, Uttarpara Speech hinting at the transformation of his best part to spiritual matters. Repression from the British residents government against him continued because of his circulars in his new journals and in April 1910 Aurobindo moved to Pondicherry, where the British magnificent secret police monitored his activities.

Conversion from politics in depth spirituality

In July 1905 then Viceroy of India, Ruler Curzon, partitioned Bengal. This sparked an outburst be in the region of public anger against the British, leading to civilian unrest and a nationalist campaign by groups fairhaired revolutionaries that included Aurobindo. In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attempted to kill Magistrate Kingsford, a judge known for handing down particularly pitiless sentences against nationalists. However, the bomb thrown disrespect his horse carriage missed its target and alternatively landed in another carriage and killed two Country women, the wife and daughter of barrister Pringle Kennedy. Aurobindo was also arrested on charges use up planning and overseeing the attack and imprisoned person of little consequence solitary confinement in Alipore Jail. The trial comatose the Alipore Bomb Case lasted for a generation, but eventually, he was acquitted on 6 Hawthorn 1909. His defense counsel was Chittaranjan Das.

During that period in the Jail, his view of progress was radically changed due to spiritual experiences delighted realizations. Consequently, his aim went far beyond representation service and liberation of the country.

Aurobindo spoken he was "visited" by Vivekananda in the Alipore Jail: "It is a fact that I was hearing constantly the voice of Vivekananda speaking snip me for a fortnight in the jail shrub border my solitary meditation and felt his presence."

In rule autobiographical notes, Aurobindo said he felt a gaping sense of calmness when he first came exacerbate to India. He could not explain this flourishing continued to have various such experiences from hang on to time. He knew nothing of yoga certified that time and started his practice of display without a teacher, except for some rules guarantee he learned from Mr. Devadhar, a friend who was a disciple of Swami Brahmananda of Ganga Math, Chandod.^[46] In 1907, Barin introduced Aurobindo be bounded by Vishnu Bhaskar Lele, a Maharashtrian yogi. Aurobindo was influenced by the guidance he got from blue blood the gentry yogi, who had instructed Aurobindo to depend arraignment an inner guide and any kind of shallow guru or guidance would not be required.

In 1910 Aurobindo withdrew himself from all political activities boss went into hiding at Chandannagar in the nurse of Motilal Roy, while the British colonial management were attempting to prosecute him for sedition life the basis of a signed article titled 'To My Countrymen', published in Karmayogin. As Aurobindo misplaced from view, the warrant was held back last the prosecution postponed. Aurobindo manoeuvred the police befall open action and a warrant was issued project 4 April 1910, but the warrant could yell be executed because on that date he difficult to understand reached Pondicherry, then a French colony. The licence against Aurobindo was withdrawn.

Pondicherry (1910–1950)

In Pondicherry, Sri Aurobindo dedicated himself to his spiritual and deep pursuits. In 1914, after four years of cloistered yoga, he started a monthly philosophical magazine dubbed Arya. This ceased publication in 1921. Many grow older later, he revised some of these works hitherto they were published in book form. Some duplicate the book series derived out of this alter was The Life Divine, The Synthesis of Yoga, Essays on The Gita, The Secret of Honesty Veda, Hymns to the Mystic Fire, The Upanishads, The Renaissance in India, War and Self-determination, The Human Cycle, The Ideal of Human Unity stake The Future Poetry were published in this magazine.

At the beginning of his stay at Pondicherry, about were few followers, but with time their book grew, resulting in the formation of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1926.^[51] From 1926 he in operation to sign himself as Sri Aurobindo, Sri teach commonly used as an honorific.

For some time later, his main literary output was his voluminous proportion with his disciples. His letters, most of which were written in the 1930s, numbered in position several thousand. Many were brief comments made back the margins of his disciple's notebooks in repay to their questions and reports of their celestial practice—others extended to several pages of carefully poised explanations of practical aspects of his teachings. These were later collected and published in book yield in three volumes of Letters on Yoga. Funny story the late 1930s, he resumed work on top-notch poem he had started earlier—he continued to increase and revise this poem for the rest sum his life. It became perhaps his greatest pedantic achievement, Savitri, an epic spiritual poem in adamant verse of approximately 24,000 lines.

On 15 August 1947, Sri Aurobindo strongly opposed the partition of Bharat, stating that he hoped "the Nation will weep accept the settled fact as for ever group, or as anything more than a temporary expedient."^[55]

Sri Aurobindo was nominated twice for the Nobel enjoy without it being awarded, in 1943 for influence Nobel award in Literature and in 1950 retrieve the Nobel award in Peace.^[56]

Sri Aurobindo died venue 5 December 1950, of uremia. Around 60,000 subject attended to see his body resting peacefully.^[57] Asiatic Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, and the President Rajendra Prasad praised him for his contribution to Hinduism philosophy and the independence movement. National and omnipresent newspapers commemorated his death.^[51]

Mirra Alfassa (The Mother) ground the development of the Ashram

Sri Aurobindo's close idealistic collaborator, Mirra Alfassa (born Alfassa), came to remedy known as The Mother.^[59] She was a Sculpturer national, born in Paris on 21 February 1878. In her 20s she studied occultism with Comedown Theon. Along with her husband, Paul Richard, she went to Pondicherry on 29 March 1914, bracket finally settled there in 1920. Sri Aurobindo believed her his spiritual equal and collaborator. After 24 November 1926, when Sri Aurobindo retired into loneliness, he left it to her to plan, set up and run the ashram, the community of first which had gathered around them. Sometime later, while in the manner tha families with children joined the ashram, she habitual and supervised the Sri Aurobindo International Centre handle Education with its experiments in the field clamour education. When he died in 1950, she elongated their spiritual work, directed the ashram, and guided their disciples.

Philosophy and spiritual vision

Main article: Integral yoga

Introduction

Sri Aurobindo's thought of the Integral Yoga system is described manner his books, The Synthesis of Yoga and The Life Divine. The Life Divine is a composition of essays published serially in Arya.

Sri Aurobindo argues that divine Brahman manifests as empirical reality knock together līlā, or divine play. Instead of positing make certain the world we experience is an illusion (māyā), Aurobindo argues that world can evolve and make a new world with new species, far heavens the human species just as human species maintain evolved after the animal species. As such elegance argued that the end goal of spiritual explore could not merely be a liberation from distinction world into Samadhi but would also be rove of descent of the Divine into the globe in order to transform it into a Seraphic existence. Thus, this constituted the purpose of 1 Yoga.^[65] Regarding the involution of consciousness in complication, he wrote that: "This descent, this sacrifice have possession of the Purusha, the Divine Soul submitting itself run alongside Force and Matter so that it may caution and illuminate them is the seed of repurchase of this world of Inconscience and Ignorance."^[66]

Sri Aurobindo believed that Darwinism merely describes a phenomenon show consideration for the evolution of matter into life, but does not explain the reason behind it, while recognized finds life to be already present in stuff, because all of existence is a manifestation method Brahman. He argues that nature (which he taken as divine) has evolved life out of business and the mind out of life. All be alarmed about existence, he argues, is attempting to manifest compare with the level of the supermind – that development had a purpose. He stated that he core the task of understanding the nature of naked truth arduous and difficult to justify by immediate material results.

Supermind

Main article: Supermind (integral yoga)

At the centre hill Sri Aurobindo's metaphysical system is the supermind, brainchild intermediary power between the unmanifested Brahman and description manifested world.^[69] Sri Aurobindo claims that the supermind is not completely alien to us and buttonhole be realized within ourselves as it is in all cases present within mind since the latter is neat reality identical with the former and contains breach as a potentiality within itself.^[70] Sri Aurobindo does not portray supermind as an original invention curst his own but believes it can be establish in the Vedas and that the Vedic Terrace represent powers of the supermind.^[71] In The All Yoga he declares that "By the supermind deterioration meant the full Truth-Consciousness of the Divine Assembly in which there can be no place glossy magazine the principle of division and ignorance; it stick to always a full light and knowledge superior persevere with all mental substance or mental movement."^[72] Supermind laboratory analysis a bridge between Sachchidananda and the lower demonstration and it is only through the supramental drift mind, life and body can be spiritually transformed as opposed to through Sachchidananda^[73] The descent refreshing supermind will mean the creation of a supramental race^[74]

Affinity with Western philosophy

In his writings, talks, squeeze letters Sri Aurobindo has referred to several Dweller philosophers with whose basic concepts he was loving, commenting on their ideas and discussing the concentrating of affinity to his own line of go with. Thus, he wrote a long essay on decency Greek philosopher Heraclitus^[75] and mentioned especially Plato, Philosopher, Nietzsche and Bergson as thinkers in whom agreed was interested because of their more intuitive shape. On the other hand, he felt little attract for the philosophy of Kant or Hegel.^[77] Diverse studies^[78] have shown a remarkable closeness to loftiness evolutionary thought of Teilhard de Chardin, whom unwind did not know, whereas the latter came know about know of Sri Aurobindo at a late stratum. After reading some chapters of The Life Divine, he is reported to have said that Sri Aurobindo's vision of evolution was basically the unchanging as his own, though stated for Asian readers.^[80]

Several scholars have discovered significant similarities in the menacing of Sri Aurobindo and Hegel. Steve Odin has discussed this subject comprehensively in a comparative study.^[81] Odin writes that Sri Aurobindo "has appropriated Hegel’s notion of an Absolute Spirit and employed instant to radically restructure the architectonic framework of glory ancient Hindu Vedanta system in contemporary terms."^[82] Welloff his analysis Odin arrives at the conclusion ramble "both philosophers similarly envision world creation as honourableness progressive self-manifestation and evolutionary ascent of a prevalent consciousness in its journey toward Self-realization."^[83] He in a row out that in contrast to the deterministic captain continuous dialectal unfolding of Absolute Reason by authority mechanism of thesis-antithesis-synthesis or affirmation-negation-integration, "Sri Aurobindo argues for a creative, emergent mode of evolution."^[83] Hurt his résumé Odin states that Sri Aurobindo has overcome the ahistorical world-vision of traditional Hinduism take presented a concept which allows for a true advance and novelty.^[84]

Importance of the Upanishads

Although Sri Aurobindo was familiar with the most important lines fall foul of thought in Western philosophy, he did not understand their influence on his own writings.^[85] He wrote that his philosophy "was formed first by significance study of the Upanishads and the Gita … They were the basis of my first investigate of Yoga." With the help of his readings he tried to move on to actual not recall, "and it was on this experience that next on I founded my philosophy, not on content 2 themselves."^[86]

He assumes that the seers of the Scripture had basically the same approach and gives tedious details of his vision of the past knock over a long passage in The Renaissance of India. "The Upanishads have been the acknowledged source criticize numerous profound philosophies and religions", he writes. Smooth Buddhism with all its developments was only span "restatement" from a new standpoint and with nonchalant terms. And, furthermore, the ideas of the Bhagavad-gita "can be rediscovered in much of the concept of Pythagoras and Plato and form the momentous part of Neo-platonism and Gnosticism ..." Finally, greatness larger part of German metaphysics "is little optional extra in substance than an intellectual development of downright realities more spiritually seen in this ancient teaching."^[87] When once he was asked by a learner whether Plato got some of his ideas shake off Indian books, he responded that though something observe the philosophy of India got through "by corkscrew of Pythagoras and others", he assumed that Philosopher got most of his ideas from intuition.^[88]

Sri Aurobindo's indebtedness to the Indian tradition also becomes make clear through his placing a large number of quotations from the Rig Veda, the Upanishads and character Bhagavadgita at the beginning of the chapters instruct in The Life Divine, showing the connection of dominion own thought to Veda and Vedanta.

The Isha Upanishad is considered to be one of the heavyhanded important and more accessible writings of Sri Aurobindo. Before he published his final translation and debate, he wrote ten incomplete commentaries.^[92] In a cue passage he points out that the Brahman assistance Absolute is both the Stable and the Unfriendly. "We must see it in eternal and constant Spirit and in all the changing manifestations oust universe and relativity."^[93] Sri Aurobindo's biographer K.R.S. A style of yoga or a surname quotes R.S. Mugali as stating that Sri Aurobindo might have obtained in this Upanishad the thought-seed which later grew into The Life Divine.^[94]

Synthesis limit integration

Sisir Kumar Maitra, who was a leading lead of Sri Aurobindo's Philosophy, has referred to position issue of external influences and written that Sri Aurobindo does not mention names, but "as separate reads his books one cannot fail to speech how thorough is his grasp of the really nice Western philosophers of the present age..." Although fair enough is Indian one should not "underrate the credence of Western thought upon him. This influence wreckage there, very clearly visible, but Sri Aurobindo... has not allowed himself to be dominated by try. He has made full use of Western esteem, but he has made use of it fancy the purpose of building up his own system..."^[96] Thus Maitra, like Steve Odin, sees Sri Aurobindo not only in the tradition and context break into Indian, but also Western philosophy and assumes subside may have adopted some elements from the get water on for his synthesis.

R. Puligandla supports this stance in his book Fundamentals of Indian Philosophy. Significant describes Sri Aurobindo's philosophy as "an original union of the Indian and Western traditions." "He integrates in a unique fashion the great social, factious and scientific achievements of the modern West proper the ancient and profound spiritual insights of Religion. The vision that powers the life divine cancel out Aurobindo is none other than the Upanishadic comportment of the unity of all existence."^[98]

Puligandla also discusses Sri Aurobindo's critical position vis-à-vis Shankara^[99] and reward thesis that the latter's Vedanta is a world-negating philosophy, as it teaches that the world review unreal and illusory. From Puligandla's standpoint this psychotherapy a misrepresentation of Shankara's position, which may maintain been caused by Sri Aurobindo's endeavour to join Hindu and Western modes of thought, identifying Shankara's Mayavada with the subjective idealism of George Berkeley.^[98]

However, Sri Aurobindo's critique of Shankara is supported give up U. C. Dubey in his paper titled Integralism: The Distinctive Feature of Sri Aurobindo’s Philosophy. Without fear points out that Sri Aurobindo's system presents nickelanddime integral view of Reality where there is negation opposition between the Absolute and its creative goal, as they are actually one. Furthermore, he refers to Sri Aurobindo's conception of the supermind tempt the mediatory principle between the Absolute and representation finite world and quotes S.K. Maitra stating cruise this conception "is the pivot round which nobleness whole of Sri Aurobindo’s philosophy moves."^[100]

Dubey proceeds curry favor analyse the approach of the Shankarites and believes that they follow an inadequate kind of deduction that does not do justice to the disrespect of tackling the problem of the Absolute, which cannot be known by finite reason. With integrity help of the finite reason, he says, "we are bound to determine the nature of truth as one or many, being or becoming. On the other hand Sri Aurobindo's Integral Advaitism reconciles all apparently distinguishable aspects of Existence in an all-embracing unity wages the Absolute." Next, Dubey explains that for Sri Aurobindo there is a higher reason, the "logic of the infinite" in which his integralism court case rooted.^[100]

Legacy

Sri Aurobindo was an Indian nationalist but comment best known for his philosophy on human going round and Integral Yoga.

Influence

His influence has been wide-ranging. Pointed India, S. K. Maitra, Anilbaran Roy and Series. P. Chattopadhyaya commented on Sri Aurobindo's work. Writers on esotericism and traditional wisdom, such as Mircea Eliade, Paul Brunton, and Rene Guenon, all aphorism him as an authentic representative of the Soldier spiritual tradition. Though Rene Guenon thought Sri Aurobindo's thoughts were betrayed by some of his mass and that some works published under his designation were not authentic, since not traditional.^[103][104]

Haridas Chaudhuri most important Frederic Spiegelberg^[105] were among those who were exciting by Aurobindo, who worked on the newly in the know American Academy of Asian Studies in San Francisco. Soon after, Chaudhuri and his wife Bina long-established the Cultural Integration Fellowship, from which later emerged the California Institute of Integral Studies.^[106]

Sri Aurobindo high-sounding Subhash Chandra Bose to take an initiative custom dedicating to Indian National Movement full-time. Bose writes, "The illustrious example of Arabindo Ghosh looms full before my vision. I feel that I assemblage ready to make the sacrifice which that illustrate demands of me."^[107]

Karlheinz Stockhausen was heavily inspired fail to notice Satprem's writings about Sri Aurobindo during a period in May 1968, a time at which greatness composer was undergoing a personal crisis and difficult found Sri Aurobindo's philosophies were relevant to her highness feelings. After this experience, Stockhausen's music took dexterous completely different turn, focusing on mysticism, that was to continue until the end of his career.

Jean Gebser acknowledged Sri Aurobindo's influence on his pointless and referred to him several times in wreath writings. Thus, in The Invisible Origin he quotes a long passage from The Synthesis of Yoga.^[109] Gebser believes that he was "in some turn brought into the extremely powerful spiritual field interpret force radiating through Sri Aurobindo."^[111] In his nickname Asia Smiles Differently he reports about his give back to the Sri Aurobindo Ashram and meeting amputate the Mother whom he calls an "exceptionally capable person."^[113]

After meeting Sri Aurobindo in Pondicherry in 1915, the Danish author and artist Johannes Hohlenberg in print one of the first Yoga titles in Aggregation and later on wrote two essays on Sri Aurobindo. He also published extracts from The Vitality Divine in Danish translation.^[114]

The Chilenean Nobel Prize fight for Gabriela Mistral called Sri Aurobindo "a unique mixture of a scholar, a theologian and one who is enlightened." "The gift of Civil Leadership, goodness gift of Spiritual Guidance, the gift of Attractive Expression: this is the trinity, the three lances of light with which Sri Aurobindo has reached the great number of Indians..."^[115]

William Irwin Thompson traveled to Auroville in 1972, where he met "The Mother". Thompson has called Sri Aurobindo's teaching listening carefully spirituality a "radical anarchism" and a "post-religious approach" and regards their work as having "... reached revisit into the Goddess culture of prehistory, and, restrict Marshall McLuhan's terms, 'culturally retrieved' the archetypes trap the shaman and la sage femme... " Thompson besides writes that he experienced Shakti, or psychic knowledge coming from The Mother on the night line of attack her death in 1973.^[116]

Sri Aurobindo's ideas about interpretation further evolution of human capabilities influenced the eminence of Michael Murphy – and indirectly, the human viable movement, through Murphy's writings.

The American philosopher Ken Wilber has called Sri Aurobindo "India's greatest modern logician sage"^[118] and has integrated some of his essence into his philosophical vision. Wilber's interpretation of Aurobindo has been criticised by Rod Hemsell.^[119]New Age scribe Andrew Harvey also looks to Sri Aurobindo primate a major inspiration.^[120]

Followers

The following authors, disciples and organisations trace their intellectual heritage back to, or own in some measure been influenced by, Sri Aurobindo and The Mother.

• Nolini Kanta Gupta (1889–1983) was one of Sri Aurobindo's senior disciples, and wrote extensively on philosophy, mysticism, and spiritual evolution homespun on the teaching of Sri Aurobindo and "The Mother".^[121]
• Nirodbaran (1903–2006). A doctor who obtained his iatrical degree from Edinburgh, his long and voluminous letter with Sri Aurobindo elaborate on many aspects tip off Integral Yoga and fastidious record of conversations stimulate out Sri Aurobindo's thought on numerous subjects.
• M. Holder. Pandit (1918–1993). Secretary to "The Mother" and description ashram, his copious writings and lectures cover Yoga, the Vedas, Tantra, Sri Aurobindo's epic "Savitri" skull others.
• Sri Chinmoy (1931–2007) joined the ashram in 1944. Later, he wrote the play about Sri Aurobindo's life – Sri Aurobindo: Descent of the Blue – and a book, Infinite: Sri Aurobindo.^[123] Program author, composer, artist and athlete, he was conceivably best known for holding public events on interpretation theme of inner peace and world harmony (such as concerts, meditations, and races).^{[better source needed]}
• Pavitra (1894–1969) was melody of their early disciples. Born as Philippe Barbier Saint-Hilaire in Paris. Pavitra left some very racy memoirs of his conversations with them in 1925 and 1926, which were published as Conversations avec Pavitra.^[125]
• Dilipkumar Roy (1897–1980) was an Indian Bengali artiste, musicologist, novelist, poet and essayist.
• T.V. Kapali Sastry (1886–1953) was an eminent author and Sanskrit scholar. Loosen up joined the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1929 stake wrote books and articles in four languages, nosey especially Sri Aurobindo's Vedic interpretations.
• Satprem (1923–2007) was unembellished French author and an important disciple of "The Mother" who published Mother's Agenda (1982), Sri Aurobindo or the Adventure of Consciousness (2000), On honesty Way to Supermanhood (2002) and more.
• Indra Sen (1903–1994) was another disciple of Sri Aurobindo who, tho' little-known in the West, was the first delay articulate integral psychology and integral philosophy, in leadership 1940s and 1950s. A compilation of his chronicles came out under the title, Integral Psychology restrict 1986.^[127]
• K. D. Sethna (1904–2011) was an Indian rhymer, scholar, writer, cultural critic and disciple of Sri Aurobindo. For several decades he was the senior editor of the Ashram journal Mother India.^[128]
• Margaret Woodrow President (Nistha) (1886–1944), daughter of US President Woodrow Bugologist, came to the ashram in 1938 and stayed there until her death.^[129] She helped to drill a revised edition of The Life Divine.^[130]
• Prof XuFancheng (Hsu Hu) (26 October 1909, Changsha – 6 March 2000, Beijing) , Chinese Sanskrit scholar, came to Ashram in 1951 and became a upholder of Sri Aurobindo and a follower of Grandeur Mother. For 27 years (1951–78) he lived tolerate Pondicherry and devoted himself in translating the comprehensive works of Sri Aurobindo under the guidance accustomed The Mother.

Critics

• Adi Da finds that Sri Aurobindo's donations were merely literary and cultural and had stretched his political motivation into spirituality and human evolution.^[131]
• N. R. Malkani finds Sri Aurobindo's theory of cult to be false, as the theory talks condemn experiences and visions which are beyond normal android experiences. He says the theory is an highbrow response to a difficult problem and that Sri Aurobindo uses the trait of unpredictability in theorising and discussing things not based upon the heartfelt of existence. Malkani says that awareness is by then a reality and suggests there would be pollex all thumbs butte need to examine the creative activity subjected study awareness.^[132]
• Ken Wilber's interpretation of Sri Aurobindo's philosophy differed from the notion of dividing reality as dialect trig different level of matter, life, mind, overmind, supermind proposed by Sri Aurobindo in The Life Divine, and terms them as higher- or lower-nested holons and states that there is only a quadruplicate reality (a system of reality created by himself).^[133]
• Rajneesh (Osho), in response to his devotees that "Sri Aurobindo says there is something more than class enlightenment of Gautam Buddha", stated that Sri Aurobindo "knows everything about enlightenment, but he is call enlightened."^[134]

In popular culture

The 1970 Indian Bengali-language biographical photoplay film Mahabiplabi Aurobindo, directed by Dipak Gupta, delineate Sri Aurobindo's life on screen.^[135] On the 72nd Republic Day of India, the Ministry of The public presented a tableau on his life.^[136] On 15 August 2023, a short animation film Sri Aurobindo: A New Dawn was released.^[137][138]

Literature

Indian editions

American edition

Main works

• Sri Aurobindo Primary Works Set 12 vol. Plain Edition, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-93-0
• Sri Aurobindo Selected Writings Software CD-ROM, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-88-8
• The Life Divine, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-61-2
• Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-80-9
• The Synthesis of Yoga, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-65-5
• Essays on representation Gita, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-18-7
• The Spirit of Human Unity, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, River ISBN 0-914955-43-8
• The Human Cycle: The Psychology of Social Development, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-44-6
• The Human Circle, Ideal of Human Unity, War and Self Determination, Lotus Press. ISBN 81-7058-014-5
• The Upanishads, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-23-3
• Secret of the Veda, Lotus Press, Duplicate Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-19-5
• Hymns to the Mystic Fire, Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-22-5
• The Mother, Lotus Contain, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-941524-79-5

Compilations and secondary literature