Dr frank jobe biography

After World War II, Frank Jobe followed say publicly proverbial American dream: college, medical school, marriage, shaft a family. Even though he said he on no occasion planned it that way, he pursued a duration that helped make the world a better cheer — particularly the world of baseball, as grandeur developer of the procedure known as Tommy Crapper surgery.

The first chapter of Dr. Jobe’s story begins against the backdrop of a small farm small Greensboro, North Carolina, during the Great Depression: Nobility two-story Jobe home, shaded by cedar trees, sits against a backdrop of rolling hills and comic where a few cows graze. Jobe’s mother milks cows twice a day and churns butter uncongenial hand. The family garden usually boasts an plentiful harvest of tomatoes, which in addition to queen mother’s butter, his postal-worker father sells to educational pay for his son’s education.1 When chores property finished, sometimes Frank and his father play grab. The younger Jobe, who is ambidextrous, broke strong arm when he was in third grade, ergo while he is pretty good at receiving spick baseball, he doesn’t hit well. During baseball occasion, he and his dad listen to the Additional York Yankees broadcasts on radio and talk upturn Babe Ruth.2 That was about the extent firm young Frank’s interest in America’s pastime.

Born July 16, , the only child of Lacey and Alma Jobe, Frank grew up as part of what Tom Brokaw called “The Greatest Generation.” The Ready to step in Depression of the s may have affected nobleness Jobe family less than people in other capabilities of the country because their farm provided aliment, Lacey had a steady government job, and probity Greensboro area in general was not as hoity-toity as other areas, thanks in large part communication the textile industry and its rural location.3

When Administer was ready for eighth grade, his parents registered him in a Seventh-day Adventist boarding school in bad taste Collegedale, Tennessee. After high school, he went in a beeline into the Army, joining many others of wreath age who felt compelled “to help save rank world from the two most powerful and pitiless military machines ever assembled.”4

“I didn’t think of anything else,” he told sportswriter Tom Hoffarth in “I thought I’d decide (on a career) once Berserk got out.”5 And that’s what he did.

Jobe recorded for the draft in as a non-combatant. Appreciation to good typing skills, while in basic participation he became a clerk in the medical partition at Camp Barkeley, Texas.6 According to a Jobe family member, when Frank learned he could catch an additional $50 a month by signing sop up for the st Airborne Division, the legendary “Screaming Eagles,” he volunteered, joining the th Airborne Health check Company.

Jobe arrived in England prior to D-Day renovate June Three months later he saw action tidy the Netherlands in Operation Market Garden. Staff Lawman Jobe, a medical supplies clerk, entered Holland unavailable into a Waco Hadrian combat glider transporting trucks, trailers, and medical personnel to treat combat casualties.7 They began arriving as fast as the list could set up aid stations for doctors utter perform emergency surgeries, remove shell fragments, and look good on broken bones.8

Following the unsuccessful Operation Market Garden, rank st moved to Elst for a few weeks, working from a TB sanatorium, a convent educational institution, and a monastery until around the end promote November when the st went to France shadow a brief rest, and to assimilate replacements dole out the 2, casualties suffered in the operation.9

The doctors Jobe worked with must have seen something exceptional in the young soldier who didn’t wince finish off the sight of blood or cringe over horrible amputations. Doubtless, other characteristics of his personality bracket work ethic impressed the doctors, too, and they questioned him about his plans after he reciprocal to the States Among others, Dr. Charles Front Gorder, whose story is chronicled in The Unchanging Generation, thought Jobe would make a good physician

But thoughts of a medical career would need make available wait. The German offensive, which became known style the Battle of the Bulge, began on Dec 16, and the st was sent to Belgique on December 17 to hold the town touch on Bastogne. Amid freezing weather, the th Medical Bevy set up a station just northeast of Bastogne on December 18, only to be overrun lump units of the German Panzer Lehr Division glory next night, injuring personnel while capturing all donation the surgical team, most of the medical glade station, equipment, and transportation. The Germans ordered rank Americans at gunpoint to gather their wounded, suffice everything onto their vehicles and fall back befall the enemy positions

Jobe and a buddy looked on the side of any opportunity to escape, and as soon similarly they saw a German guard not paying launch attention, they jumped from the German vehicle leading took off running as fast as they could with bullets flying all around them. Scrambling disorderly a bank, they forded an icy stream talented hid in some bushes along a road on hold they jumped onto a passing American Army truck

By the time Jobe’s Army stint was over coop up , he had been awarded a Bronze Evening star, a combat medic badge, a one-star Glider Key, the st Airborne Division award, and the Country Government award also for the st. Returning sunny, he enrolled at Southern Missionary College — bend help from the G.I. Bill — on honourableness same Tennessee campus where he had attended extreme school. He later transferred to La Sierra Faculty, now La Sierra University, in Southern California. Provided a full class load was not enough have a thing about the senior pre-med student, Jobe also edited Raw Sierra’s weekly student newspaper, The Criterion, an think that would prove valuable in later years considering that he wrote and co-authored a number of books and articles.

Receiving his bachelor’s degree from La Sierra in , Jobe went on to medical primary at nearby Loma Linda University, completing clinical studies at White Memorial Hospital and Los Angeles Patch Hospital, and receiving his M.D. degree in Work stoppage pay off school bills, he practiced general medication for three years, doing everything from delivering babies to removing tonsils, performing autopsies and taking hole calls. He developed an interest in orthopedics, lecture continued his training in a three-year residency draw on the University of Southern California in Los Angeles.

During his residency, Jobe made a positive impression redirect one of his teachers, Dr. Robert Kerlan, boss of orthopedics at Los Angeles County General Harbour and team physician for the Los Angeles Dodgers. Perhaps it was Jobe’s inquisitive mind, his unpretentious manner and attention to detail that caught Dr. Kerlan’s attention, as well as the skillful restore Jobe’s long, slender fingers performed every step make famous a surgical procedure with precise accuracy. When Kerlan asked him what he planned to do stern completing his residency, Jobe didn’t have an defence. Kerlan invited him to see him when he’d finished. Three years later, in , the doctors met in Kerlan’s office, and on a shake formed a life-long partnership. Jobe began consulting hash up the Dodgers in , the same year pacify performed his first surgery on a major combination baseball player. He may have been a slip nervous about removing a bone chip from greatness elbow of Dodgers pitcher Johnny Podres, but fulfil new partner assured him he’d done a summative job

In the doctor duo co-founded what is today’s prestigious Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic with a client splash that grew to include most of Southern California’s professional sports organizations Dr. Jobe officially joined say publicly Dodgers’ medical staff in , and would affront the team’s medical director until

In his principal years of working with major league baseball doff expel, Jobe had little more to offer pitchers get a feel for injured arms other than cortisone injections, rest, lack of direct involvement, and heat. At least these were more cost-conscious than the “treatments” in the early days close the eyes to medicine, which he described in a interview. In all directions was a time when a sore joint was blamed on an infection in some other stop of the body, such as abscessed teeth. Spruce up player could have all his teeth pulled, nevertheless still have a sore joint and never drop again

Pitching sensation Sandy Koufax was among the Kerlan-Jobe Clinic’s first Dodger patients in the s. Justness doctors did all they could to keep him on the mound, but injections, rest, ice, subject heat provided only temporary relief, which meant Koufax, his doctors and trainers had to be imaginative. Among other things, the pitcher rubbed his curl arm with a foul-smelling salve containing capsicum — the substance that makes hot chili peppers ooze, and dulls the part of the brain turn senses pain His trainers even made a allimportant rubber sleeve from an inner tube for him to wear while soaking his arm in unadulterated bucket of ice

Like many other major league pitchers of his time and earlier, Koufax toughed secede out as long as he could, but before you know it, the sore elbow got the best of him. Just 30 years old, he pitched his ultimate game on October 6,

Jobe yearned to application something to fix injured elbows and give athletes like Koufax the opportunity to continue their games As he considered possibilities, he looked at justness work of Dr. Herb Stark, who had fix an injured hand by grafting a tendon diverge elsewhere in the patient’s body. He also knew the work of a specialist who grafted tendons to stabilize ankles of polio patients. However, pacify did not know whether a tendon transplant would work in an elbow. Stark suggested that spruce pitcher could get along just fine without cool little-used tendon extending from the hand down decency inside of the wrist, the palmaris longus. On the contrary, would the tendon stay in place in high-mindedness elbow? Would it receive blood vessels? Would rocket, with extensive rehabilitation, learn to be a ligament? Those questions could not be answered until kind-hearted actually went through the surgery and rehabilitation. Representation revolutionary untested procedure was all Dr. Jobe could offer in to Dodgers star pitcher Tommy Toilet, who desperately wanted his throwing arm back.

John’s unlikable problem actually started while he was a juvenile, especially after he moved from the Little Cohort field to the normal size baseball field Succeeding, when he played for the Chicago White Sox in the s, the ailment was written zoom as “epicondylitis,” a “fancy term for a paul elbow.”22 The problem continued after he was traded to the Dodgers, until X-rays revealed a duo of floating bone fragments in the muscle. Injections of cortisone and Novocain kept him in integrity game until September 23, , when he firm his left elbow into the ground while downward into home, dislodging the bone chips from depiction muscle and into the elbow joint. Five period later, Jobe and Kerlan removed the chips, favour although John was out for the rest bring in the season, he was back in good furnace the following two seasons. By mid-season , filth held the best pitching record in the Municipal League, Then the unthinkable happened just before authority All-Star game.

In the third inning of a project against Montreal at Dodger Stadium, John felt spruce up strange pain in his first pitch to Unmasking first baseman Hal Breeden. He said it was as though his arm wasn’t there. If her majesty first pitch was strange, the second was rip. A slamming sound came from inside his handy and he said it felt as if jurisdiction arm had come off. He walked into say publicly dugout and straight to the clubhouse, where Jobe showed up within minutes

The doctor’s initial diagnosis was a torn ligament, and after studying the X-rays, Dr. Stark agreed. Without today’s advanced diagnostic attain of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized picturing (CT), in arm surgery was the only get rid of to know for certain whether the ligament was just strained or pulled completely off the ivory. Jobe told the pitcher to rest for wonderful couple of weeks, start back slowly and keep an eye on if the arm improved.

Doubtless, “arm surgery” are amid the scariest words a pitcher can hear. Banish, with every passing week, and seeing no boundary, John became desperate to do something, anything, approval get his arm back. While surgery came take on no guarantees, not having surgery guaranteed him cool zero chance of ever pitching again. John was ready, “no matter how arduous, no matter in what way tedious.”25

Only by opening the elbow could Jobe prove the extent of injury, and he foresaw troika possibilities:

• If the ligament had a slight tear, insecurity could be repaired, and after a short rehabilitate, John could pitch again.
• If the ligament was undecided off at both ends, it could be fastened to the bone, it would grow back esoteric after a little longer rehab, John could flop again.
• If the ligament was torn in the interior, Jobe had nothing to offer except that beforehand procedure he’d been thinking about for a splurge time – ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction.

He wasn’t even sure he should mention it to Toilet, but the pitcher insisted that he do accent The procedure involved removing the tendon from John’s right arm and transplanting it into his weigh elbow. All Jobe could promise the pitcher was many months of difficult rehabilitation. On a ferocious guess, he gave John about a one pen a hundred chance he’d ever pitch again Link little words convinced him that his patient was mentally prepared for what lay ahead: “Let’s bustle it,” John said.

On September 25, , working toy Stark and other colleagues, Jobe discovered his bad fear. The ligament was torn in the central part. In a history-making surgery that took around twosome hours, he removed about six inches of muscle from John’s right arm, drilled holes into rulership left elbow, threaded the tendon in a figure-eight pattern, anchored it tight, and sewed up rendering incision. Whether it would work, of course, was anybody’s guess

Waking up in the recovery room boss short time later, John reached for his patch up arm and instantly knew what had happened. “A dark chill went down my spine and tidy up stomach sank,” he wrote. “They did the remove. I thought for sure my career was over.”29

Unfortunately, John’s recovery did not initially progress the diverse he and his doctor had hoped. Scar fabric growing over the ulnar nerve caused his sinistral hand to curl like a claw, and unhelpful mid-December, he had completely lost use of warranty, necessitating another trip to surgery to scrape elsewhere the scar tissue and reposition the nerve. Spell Jobe pronounced the second surgery a success, unquestionable continued to withhold judgment on John’s return embark on the mound. 30

When the cast came off pick up the last time in January , the hurler gazed at a thin arm with atrophied might. “The skin hung down, all loose and grey, and my clawed hand looked positively skeletal,” stylishness wrote. Jobe told him not to be disturbed how it looked, but to focus on refurbishing, which he did John returned to the elevation on April 16, , and threw four lock out innings before giving up three runs in decency fifth He won his first post-surgery major corresponding person game on April 26, , and went drive home to finish his career in with more conquests () after surgery than before ().

Fearing that John’s success might be a fluke, Jobe did sound perform another tendon transplant in a pitcher’s drive for about two years Over time, ulnar guaranty ligament reconstruction, now known as Tommy John therapy action towards, became a common procedure. Asked how it obtained the player’s name rather than the pioneering surgeon’s name, Jobe had a plausible explanation. When speech pattern to other potential surgery candidates, doctors would become known it’s “like what we did to Tommy John.” And, they understood Jobe also attributed it pocket an easy-to-remember name. “It’s such a nice nickname, Tommy John. It rolls off the tongue realize nicely.”35 But that was not the case suggest the second revolutionary surgery Jobe introduced for reproachful pitchers.

Dodger pitcher Orel Hershiser’s right arm and push finally paid the price of overuse in grandeur spring of At first, he refused to believe it was anything he couldn’t resolve with tangy work. Pitchers always have sore arms in probity spring, he reasoned. Joking with his teammates walk not wanting an MRI, he claimed those copy stood for “Maybe Really Injured,” or “May Press for Incision.” Unfortunately, his pain grew increasingly worse, in the balance he could not pitch more than four person five innings. He knew it was no funny matter

Two years earlier, he had won the Secure League Cy Young and the Most Valuable Participant awards in the playoffs and World Series. On the contrary on April 25, , in a game surface St. Louis that would have been his interest career victory, Hershiser struggled with control, allowing fivesome runs and his first four walks of influence season in a loss.

Realizing he was hurting honesty team as well as himself, he was at length ready for an MRI When Jobe said Hershiser’s unstable shoulder was due to stretched-out ligaments service that he needed surgery, Hershiser didn’t require alternate opinion. “His reputation preceded his advice,” the ewer said on the 25th anniversary of his esteemed operation. “I didn’t need anybody else telling probable what was wrong with me and how hurtle fix it.”38 Nor did he wish to delay.

The next day Jobe performed anterior labrum reconstruction, fastidious procedure that involved tightening the ligaments in Hershiser’s shoulder, splitting the muscle around the shoulder anarchy, and using scar tissue to create a newborn ligament. He had done it on others, counting NFL quarterback Jim McMahon and golfer Jerry Conk, but never on a major-league pitcher who desirable to regain his ability to throw mile-per-hour fastballs. Even though this was the first time that kind of shoulder reconstruction had been done change a major-league pitcher, the doctor was confident digress Hershiser would return to the mound in induce a year

Post-surgery rehabilitation was painful and intense, binary a day for consecutive days Hershiser started throwing off a mound in September, kept working mine it all winter, and by spring was superior forward to the start of the season. Astern a brief setback that forced him to release throwing for a couple of weeks, he common to the mound in his first minor alliance game 13 months after surgery. On June 9, , Hershiser picked up his first post-surgery go into — the th of his career. He confidential the ball mounted on a trophy and gave it to his doctor. Like Tommy John, Hershiser had more wins after surgery ( in primacy following 10 seasons) than before (99)

That kind castigate success led some to think the surgeries unchanging John and Hershiser stronger pitchers. In fact, dehydrated “misguided parents of pitching aspirants have inquired bash into doctors about putting their perfectly healthy sons get it wrong the knife in hopes of improving their velocity.”42 Of course, Jobe said no. The common denominator in a pitcher’s success in getting back prick the game after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction unimportant anterior labrum reconstruction is the individual’s commitment theorist months of strenuous boring rehabilitation

While arthroscopic advances plot tweaked the shoulder reconstruction procedure Jobe did reassignment Hershiser in , not much has changed overexert the surgery he did on John’s elbow, coat that it is now done in about block up hour instead of three or four. “That tells you he was right on the mark suspend regards to what he was trying to do,” said Stan Conte, Dodgers director of medical services

“He would tell you he was making this survive as he went along, based on good information, but it took a huge amount of gumption to put himself out there, where failure would have been shown to everybody. He was compliant to do that to try and get honourableness player back out on the field.”45

Frank Jobe can best be remembered as the doctor who pioneered surgical procedures that saved the careers of reckon for of major league baseball pitchers, but he was personally most proud of his work to maintain people from needing surgery in the first promote. His familiar arm and shoulder exercises for pitchers (still well known as the Jobe Exercises), books and articles, research, teaching, and a biomechanics workplace bear testament to his dedication to keeping athletes as well as others out of an flinch room.

Recognizing a responsibility to share their experience see findings with others, the doctors at the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic established a sports medicine fellowship case This program, which provides intensive training and trial opportunities in sports medicine, is one of significance largest and most respected programs of its brutal in the United States

Six years after the companionship program started, Jobe undertook another project devoted tip off the study of sports-related injuries. He wanted make know the cause of injuries. To do that, he needed a laboratory equipped with computers, electrodes, high-speed camera, therapy pool, and gymnasium where powder could study muscle movement involved in pitching cool baseball, swinging a golf club and other activities. Housed at Centinela Hospital Medical Center in Inglewood, California, his Biomechanics Research Laboratory enabled him vision pioneer motion analysis on the act of throwing. Using electrodes and high-speed photography capable of attractive images per second, he could see which faculties of the shoulder muscles were active at provincial point in a pitch, and from this acquaintance, develop exercise programs to prevent injuries from rowdy overuse.

In , ten years after the lab unsealed, Jobe reported that as a result of character studies done there, the number of rotator give a hiding injuries among pitchers had declined. “’We’ve gone deprive being a catastrophic caretaker to prevention of harm, and now we’re in the performance-enhancement area,’” subside said

In Jobe published the first of seven books he would author or co-author throughout his growth. Among these were:

• Play Ball! The Official Little Federation Fitness Guide, co-authored with Diane Radovich Moynes,
• 30 Exercises for Better Golf, with Bill Bruns,
• Operative Techniques in Upper Extremity Sports Injuries,
• Athletic Forever: The Kerlan-Jobe Plan for Lifetime Fitness with Karenic Mohr and Tommy Lasorda,

He also contributed 24 chapters to other books and published more caress articles in medical publications.

To John, Hershiser, and distinction many other athletes, Jobe was more than par excellent surgeon who saved their careers. Hershiser hollered him a “friend,” a “kind soul,” and a-ok “humble man,” and possessing a “very dry muse of humor.”48 Others called him “pioneer” and “the godfather of sports medicine,” noting that he difficult a “pleasant peacefulness” about him. As Vin Scully noted, Jobe was not touched by celebrity. Authority success made no outward impact on him

“He difficult to understand a brilliant mind but never acted like type was the smartest guy in the room,” thought Hershiser. “You’re talking about someone who could hold walked around like they were God as significant repaired and took care of everyone, but walked around like he was the lowest on rectitude totem pole, and waited to be talked brand and waited to be recognized.”50

Jobe may have back number a loyal Dodgers fan, but he didn’t gladden only for the Dodgers. He cheered for grandeur players he worked on, no matter what side. “Sometimes it just makes you want to bawl watching those guys go on to great things,” he said

Jobe continued working well past the routine retirement age of In addition to his therapeutic practice and serving as special advisor to glory chairman of the Dodger organization, he was a-one clinical professor in the department of orthopedics have an effect on the Keck School of Medicine at the Routine of Southern California. For 26 years he served as orthopedic consultant for the PGA, Senior PGA, and Champions Tours, and was named the warm physician for the PGA Tour. The American Orthopedical Association inducted him into its Hall of Reputation in A few years later, in , righteousness Professional Baseball Scouts Foundation awarded him its Dave Winfield Humanitarian Award. He was inducted into rank American Orthopedic Society of Sports Medicine Hall countless Fame, and the Professional Baseball Athletic Trainers Entrance hall of Fame, as well as the Baseball Reliquary’s Shrine of the Eternals. In he was traditional in Cooperstown, New York, as part of honesty National Baseball Hall of Fame Weekend.

Frank Jobe mindnumbing on March 6, , in Santa Monica, Calif.. He had been hospitalized not long before seam an undisclosed illness. He was aged 88 contemporary in his 50th season with the Dodgers. Grace was survived by his wife, Beverly (née Anderson), to whom he had been married for 54 years; his sons, Christopher, Meredith, Cameron, and Blair; and eight grandchildren

There were many accolades when excellence news of the pioneering surgeon’s death broke, however one in particular was simple and apt. Respecting that many athletes in the past and leadership future can thank Dr. Jobe for finding a-ok way to continue their careers, Dodger President Stan Kasten called him a “Hall of Famer uphold every sense of the word.”53

Acknowledgments

This biography was reviewed by David Lippman and Rory Costello, and fact-checked by Rob Wood.

Notes

1 Doug Miller, “Frank Jobe’s Ticket of Fame Life,” July 22,

2 Ibid.

3 City, North Carolina Convention and Visitors Bureau website ().

4 Tom Brokaw. The Greatest Generation. New York: Erratic House Trade Paperbacks. xxvii.

5 Tom Hoffarth, “In show partiality towards of his latest honor, Dr. Frank Jobe dexterously knifes his way through a non-invasive Q-and-A,” Away from off the Wall blog, January 7,

6 Moth, “Frank Jobe’s Hall of Fame Life.”

7 Will Author, “Dr. Frank Jobe, Tommy John and the Act that Changed Baseball Forever,” , July 17, ().

8 Major Albert Crandall, M.C., Report of Medical Turnoff Activities in European Theater of Operations, U.S. Bevy Medical Department, Office of the Surgeon General,

9 Ibid. Cornelius Ryan, A Bridge Too Far, Apostle and Schuster,

10 Miller, “Frank Jobe’s Hall surrounding Fame Life.”

11 Ronald D. Graybill, A Journey admire Faith and Healing, Los Angeles, California: White Statue Medical Center.

12 Crandall, Report of Medical Turnoff Activities.

13 Graybill, A Journey of Faith and Healing.

14 Miller, “Frank Jobe’s Hall of Fame Life.”

15 ().

16 Ken Gurnick,.”Jobe remembered as great doc, better person,” , April 7,

17 Mark Langill, “Orel surgery: Dr. Frank Jobe’s other groundbreaking operation, 25 period ago,” , April 27,

18 Carroll, “Dr. Outspoken Jobe, Tommy John and the Surgery that Disparate Baseball Forever.”

19 Tom Verducci, “The Left Arm regard God: Sandy Koufax was more than just unadorned pitcher,” Sports Illustrated, August 29,

20 Carroll, “Dr. Frank Jobe, Tommy John and the Surgery ditch Changed Baseball Forever.”

21 Ibid.

22 Tommy John. T.J.: Out of your depth 26 Years in Baseball. New York: Bantam Books,

23 John,

24 John,

25 John,

26 Hoffarth, “In honor of his latest honor.”

27 Valerie Itemize. Nelson, “Dr. Frank Jobe, best known for Redcoat John surgery, dies at 88,” Los Angeles Times, March 7,

28 John,

29 John,

30 Lavatory,

31 Ibid.

32 Steve Mancuso, “Broken Elbows: The Surgery,” , August 31,

33 Carroll, “Dr. Frank Jobe, Tommy John and the Surgery that Changed Ball Forever.”

34 Hoffarth, “In honor of his latest honor.”

35 Ibid.

36 Orel Hershiser and Bill Plaschke. “The Injurious Road Back — Hershiser Describes Fear, Pain weekend away Surgery, Rehabilitation,” Los Angeles Times, June 2,

37 Ibid.

38 Langill, “Orel surgery: Dr. Frank Jobe’s mess up groundbreaking operation, 25 years ago.”

39 Ibid.

40 Hershiser put forward Plaschke, “The Agonizing Road Back.”

41 Eric Stephen, “Orel Hershiser, Stan Conte Remember Frank Jobe,”. SB Nation/True Blue LA, March 7,

42 Daniel J. Flynn, “He did more to revolutionize modern pitching surpass anyone. And he never stepped on a mound,” , March 7,

43 John,

44 Stephen, “Orel Hershiser, Stan Conte Remember Frank Jobe.”

45 Ibid.

46 “About the Fellowship Programs,” Kerlan-Jobe Institute website ().

47 Put in Florence, “All-Star Doctors: Centinela Hospital Has Become Empress in Sports Medicine,” Los Angeles Times, May 6,

48 Stephen, “Orel Hershiser, Stan Conte Remember Regulate Jobe.”

49 Steve Dilbeck, “Miracle Worker; Dr. Jobe Gives Players Back Their Arms,” Los Angeles Daily News, September 24,

50 Stephen, “Orel Hershiser, Stan Anecdote Remember Frank Jobe.”

51 Richard Goldstein, “Frank Jobe, Dr. Who Saved Pitchers’ Careers, Dies at 88,” New York Times, March 6,

52 Nelson, “Dr. Share your feelings Jobe, best known for Tommy John surgery, dies at ” Goldstein, “Frank Jobe, Surgeon Who Reclaimed Pitchers’ Careers, Dies at ”

53 Rob Neyer, “Making room for medical pioneer Dr. Jobe in Cooperstown,” , March 7,