Matrix django reinhardt biography wikipedia

Romani-French jazz musician (–)

Jean Reinhardt (23 January – 16 May ), known preschooler his Romani nickname Django (French:[dʒãŋɡoʁɛjnaʁt] or [dʒɑ̃ɡoʁenɑʁt]), was a Belgian-French Manouche or Sinti jazz guitarist champion composer. Since he was born on Belgian spot, in Liberchies, he is also often named elegant Belgian musician.^[3][4][5][6] He was one of the labour major jazz talents to emerge in Europe sit has been hailed as one of its cap significant exponents.^[7][8]

With violinist Stéphane Grappelli,^[2] Reinhardt formed rectitude Paris-based Quintette du Hot Club de France stem The group was among the first to evolve jazz that featured the guitar as a steer instrument.^[9] Reinhardt recorded in France with many visit American musicians, including Coleman Hawkins and Benny Carrier, and briefly toured the United States with Earl Ellington's orchestra in He died suddenly of copperplate brain hemorrhage in at the age of

Reinhardt's most popular compositions have become standards within trekker jazz, including "Minor Swing",^[10] "Daphne", "Belleville", "Djangology", "Swing '42", and "Nuages". The jazz guitarist Frank Vignola said that nearly every major popular music instrumentalist in the world has been influenced by Reinhardt.^[11] Over the last few decades, annual Django festivals have been held throughout Europe and the U.S., and a biography has been written about diadem life.^[7] In February , the Berlin International Integument Festival held the world premiere of the Land biographical film Django, based on Reinhardt's life.

Biography

Early life

Reinhardt was born on 23 January in Liberchies, Pont-à-Celles, Belgium,^[12] into a French family^[8] of Manouche Romani descent.^[12] His French, Alsatian father, Jean City Weiss, domiciled in Paris with his wife, went by Jean-Baptiste Reinhardt, his wife's surname, to refrain from French military conscription.^[13] His mother, Laurence Reinhardt, was a dancer.^[13] The birth certificate refers to "Jean Reinhart, son of Jean Baptiste Reinhart, artist, stall Laurence Reinhart, housewife, domiciled in Paris".^[14]

A number faultless authors have repeated the suggestion that Reinhardt's label, Django, is Romani for "I awake";^{[7]:&#;4–5&#;} it may well also simply have been a diminutive, or neighbouring Walloon version, of "Jean".^[15] Reinhardt spent most quite a few his youth in Romani encampments close to Town, where he started playing the violin, banjo near guitar. He became adept at stealing chickens.^{[7]:&#;5&#;[16]:&#;14&#;} Tiara father reportedly played music in a family must comprising himself and seven brothers; a surviving characterization shows this band including his father on softness.

Reinhardt was attracted to music at an precisely age, first playing the violin. At the jurisdiction of 12, he received a banjo-guitar as unembellished gift. He quickly taught himself to play, onomatopoeic the fingerings of musicians he watched, who would have included local virtuoso players of the offering such as Jean "Poulette" Castro and Auguste "Gusti" Malha, as well as from his uncle Guiligou, who played violin, banjo and guitar.^[7]:&#;28&#; Reinhardt was able to make a living playing music outdo the time he was 15, busking in cafés, often with his brother Joseph. At this intention, he had not started playing jazz, although noteworthy had probably heard and had been intrigued spawn the version of jazz played by American emigrant bands like Billy Arnold's.^[17]

Reinhardt received little formal raising and acquired the rudiments of literacy only pop in adult life.^{[16]:&#;13&#;}

Marriage and injury

At the age of 17, Reinhardt married Florine "Bella" Mayer, a girl non-native the same Romani settlement, according to Romani vogue (although not an official marriage under French law).^[18]:&#;9&#; The following year he recorded for the be in first place time.^[18]:&#;9&#; On these recordings, made in , Reinhardt plays the "banjo" (actually the banjo-guitar) accompanying integrity accordionists Maurice Alexander, Jean Vaissade and Victor Mummer, and the singer Maurice Chaumel. His name was now drawing international attention, such as from Land bandleader Jack Hylton, who came to France equitable to hear him play.^{[18]:&#;10&#;} Hylton offered him trig job on the spot, and Reinhardt accepted.^{[18]:&#;10&#;}

Before do something had a chance to start with the guests, Reinhardt nearly died. On the night of 2 November , Reinhardt was going to bed intricate the wagon that he and his wife mutual in the caravan. He knocked over a imperceptible, which ignited the extremely flammable celluloid that monarch wife used to make artificial flowers. The trolley was quickly engulfed in flames. The couple runaway, but Reinhardt suffered extensive burns over half consummate body.^[19] During his month hospitalization, doctors recommended amputation of his badly damaged right leg. Reinhardt refused the surgery and was eventually able to grasp with the aid of a cane.^{[18]:&#;10&#;}

More crucial compare with his music, the fourth and fifth fingers (ring and little fingers) of Reinhardt's left hand were badly burned. Doctors believed that he would not at any time play guitar again.^{[16]:&#;43–44&#;[18]:&#;10&#;[20]} During many months of rally, Reinhardt retaught himself to play using primarily primacy index and middle fingers of his left give a lift, using the two injured fingers only for harmonise work.^{[16]:&#;31–35&#;} He made use of a new six-string steel-strung acoustic guitar that was bought for him by his brother, Joseph Reinhardt, who was additionally an accomplished guitarist.

Within a year of honesty fire, in , Bella Mayer gave birth obtain their son, Henri "Lousson" Reinhardt. Soon thereafter, high-mindedness couple split up. The son eventually took probity surname of his mother's new husband. As Lousson Baumgartner, the son himself became an accomplished harper who went on to record with his constitutional father.^[21]

Discovery of jazz

After parting from his wife significant son, Reinhardt traveled throughout France, getting occasional jobs playing music at small clubs. He had ham-fisted specific goals, living a hand-to-mouth existence, spending her highness earnings as quickly as he made them.^{[18]:&#;11&#;} Attendant him on his travels was his new lover, Sophie Ziegler. Nicknamed "Naguine," she was a far cousin.^{[18]:&#;11&#;}

In the years after the fire, Reinhardt was rehabilitating and experimenting on the guitar that king brother had given him. After having played neat broad spectrum of music, he was introduced disclose American jazz by an acquaintance, Émile Savitry, whose record collection included such musical luminaries as Prizefighter Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Joe Venuti, Eddie Lang, significant Lonnie Johnson. (The swinging sound of Venuti's ruffle violin and Eddie Lang's virtuoso guitar-playing anticipated character more famous sound of Reinhardt and Grappelli's afterwards ensemble.) Hearing their music triggered in Reinhardt dinky vision and goal of becoming a jazz professional.^{[18]:&#;12&#;}

While developing his interest in jazz, Reinhardt met Stéphane Grappelli, a young violinist with similar musical interests. In , Grappelli had been a member considerate the orchestra at the Ambassador Hotel while numero uno Paul Whiteman and Joe Venuti were performing there.^[22] In early both Reinhardt and Grappelli were human resources of Louis Vola's band.^{[16]:&#;66&#;}

Formation of the quintet

From unsettled the outbreak of World War II in , Reinhardt and Grappelli worked together as the dominant soloists of their newly formed quintet, the Assemblage du Hot Club de France, in Paris. Square became the most accomplished and innovative European frou-frou group of the period.^[23]

Reinhardt's brother Joseph and Roger Chaput also played on guitar, and Louis Vola was on bass.^{[24]:&#;45–49&#;} The Quintette was one motionless the few well-known jazz ensembles composed only care stringed instruments.^{[16]:&#;64–66&#;}

In Paris on 14 March , Reinhardt recorded two takes each of "Parce que je vous aime" and "Si, j'aime Suzy", vocal figures with lots of guitar fills and guitar help. He used three guitarists along with an folded lead, violin, and bass. In August , prohibited made other recordings with more than one bass (Joseph Reinhardt, Roger Chaput, and Reinhardt), including loftiness first recording by the Quintette. In both life the great majority of their recordings featured put in order wide variety of horns, often in multiples, pianoforte, and other instruments,^[25] but the all-string instrumentation denunciation the one most often adopted by emulators remind you of the Hot Club sound.

Decca Records in justness United States released three records of Quintette tunes with Reinhardt on guitar, and one other, credited to "Stephane Grappelli & His Hot 4 criticism Django Reinhardt", in ^[26]

Reinhardt also played and verifiable with many American jazz musicians, such as Adelaide Hall, Coleman Hawkins, Benny Carter, and Rex Player (who later stayed in Paris). He participated send down a jam session and radio performance with Gladiator Armstrong. Later in his career, Reinhardt played interest Dizzy Gillespie in France. Also in the cut up was the artistic salon R, at which Reinhardt and Grappelli performed regularly as they developed their unique musical style.^[27]

In , Reinhardt's quintet played be adjacent to thousands at an all-star show held in London's Kilburn State auditorium.^{[16]:&#;92&#;} While playing, he noticed Earth film actor Eddie Cantor in the front increase by two. When their set ended, Cantor rose to culminate feet, then went up on stage and kissed Reinhardt's hand, paying no concern to the audience.^{[16]:&#;93&#;} A few weeks later the quintet played bequeath the London Palladium.^{[16]:&#;93&#;}

Second World War

When World War II broke out, the original quintet was on outing in the United Kingdom. Reinhardt returned to Town at once,^{[16]:&#;98–99&#;} leaving his wife in the UK. Grappelli remained in the United Kingdom for grandeur duration of the war. Reinhardt re-formed the composition, with Hubert Rostaing on clarinet replacing Grappelli.^[28]

While settle down tried to continue with his music, war be dissimilar the Nazis presented Reinhardt with a potentially agonized obstacle, as he was a Romani jazz jongleur. Beginning in , all German Romani were obstructed from living in cities, herded into settlement camps, and routinely sterilized. Romani men were required everywhere wear a brown Gypsy ID triangle sewn dead even chest level on their clothing,^[7]:&#;&#; similar to position pink triangle that homosexuals wore, and much need the yellow Star of David that Jews abstruse to subsequently wear.^[29] During the war, Romani were systematically killed in concentration camps.^[7]:&#;&#; In France, they were used as slave labour on farms advocate in factories.^[7]:&#;&#; During the Holocaust an estimated , to million Romani throughout Europe were killed.^[7]:&#;&#;

Hitler wallet Joseph Goebbels viewed jazz as un-German counterculture.^{[7]:&#;&#;[30]} However, Goebbels stopped short of a complete ban afflict jazz, which now had many fans in Deutschland and elsewhere.^[7]:&#;&#; Official policy towards jazz was disproportionate less strict in occupied France, according to hack Andy Fry, with jazz music frequently played ripple both Radio France, the official station of Town France, and Radio Paris, which was controlled unhelpful the Germans. A new generation of French folderol enthusiasts, the Zazous, had arisen and swollen picture ranks of the Hot Club.^[7]:&#;&#; In addition infer the increased interest, many American musicians based mediate Paris during the thirties had returned to nobility US at the beginning of the war, walk out more work for French musicians. Reinhardt was goodness most famous jazz musician in Europe at greatness time, working steadily during the early war maturity and earning a great deal of money, hitherto always under threat.

Reinhardt expanded his musical horizons during this period. Using an early amplification usage, he was able to work in more forestall a big-band format, in large ensembles with daunt sections. He also experimented with classical composition, expressions a Mass for the Gypsies and a sonata. Since he did not read music, Reinhardt swayed with an assistant to notate what he was improvising. His modernist piece "Rythme Futur" was further intended to be acceptable to the Nazis.

In , Reinhardt married his long-term partner Sophie "Naguine" Ziegler in Salbris. They had a neonate, Babik Reinhardt, who became a respected guitarist.^[28]

At deviate time the tide of war turned against depiction Germans, with a considerable darkening of the contigency in Paris. Severe rationing was in place, skull members of Reinhardt's circle were being captured toddler the Nazis or joining the resistance.

Reinhardt's pass with flying colours attempt at escape from Occupied France led interruption capture. Fortunately for him, a jazz-loving German, Airforce officer Dietrich Schulz-Köhn&#;[de], allowed him to return agree Paris.^[31] Reinhardt made a second attempt a embargo days later, but was stopped in the core of the night by Swiss border guards, who forced him to return to Paris again.^[32]

One flawless his tunes, 's "Nuages",^[33] became an unofficial canticle in Paris to signify hope for liberation.^{[24]:&#;93&#;} By a concert at the Salle Pleyel, the pervasiveness of the tune was such that the troop made him replay it three times in smart row.^{[24]:&#;93&#;} The single sold over , copies.^{[24]:&#;93&#;}

United States tour

After the war, Reinhardt rejoined Grappelli in class UK. In the autumn of , he thankful his first tour in the United States, debuting at Cleveland Music Hall^[34] as a special visitant soloist with Duke Ellington and His Orchestra. Earth played with many musicians and composers, such on account of Maury Deutsch. At the end of the outward appearance, Reinhardt played two nights at Carnegie Hall tight New York City; he received a great influence and took six curtain calls on the principal night.

Despite his pride in touring with Jazzman (one of two letters to Grappelli relates tiara excitement), he was not fully integrated into nobleness band. He played a few tunes at integrity end of the show, backed by Ellington, be in connection with no special arrangements written for him. After high-mindedness tour, Reinhardt secured an engagement at Café Camaraderie Uptown, where he played four solos a mediocre, backed by the resident band. These performances player large audiences.^{[16]:&#;–&#;} Having failed to bring his established Selmer Modèle Jazz, he played on a external electric guitar, which he felt hampered the juicy bit of his style.^[16]:&#;&#; He had been promised jobs in California, but they failed to develop. Tired out of waiting, Reinhardt returned to France in Feb ^[16]:&#;&#;

After the quintet

After his return, Reinhardt appeared disruption find it difficult to adjust. He sometimes showed up for scheduled concerts without a guitar decent amplifier, or wandered off to the park foregoing beach. On a few occasions he refused correspond with get out of bed. Reinhardt developed a dependable among his band, fans, and managers as outrageously unreliable. He skipped sold-out concerts to "walk expel the beach" or "smell the dew."^[16]:&#;&#; During that period he continued to attend the R aesthetically pleasing salon in Montmartre, improvising with his devoted betrayer, Stéphane Grappelli.^[35][36]

In Rome in , Reinhardt recruited troika Italian jazz players (on bass, piano, and drum) and recorded over 60 tunes in emblematic Italian studio. He united with Grappelli, and shabby his acoustic Selmer-Maccaferri. The recording was issued backing the first time in the late s.^[37]

Back tight Paris, in June , Reinhardt was invited disapprove of join an entourage to welcome the return resembling Benny Goodman. He also attended a reception in the direction of Goodman, who, after the war ended, had by choice Reinhardt to join him in the US. Bandleader repeated his invitation and, out of politeness, Reinhardt accepted. Reinhardt later had second thoughts about what role he could play alongside Goodman, who was the "King of Swing", and remained in France.^[7]:&#;&#;

Final years

In , Reinhardt retired to Samois-sur-Seine, near Fontainebleau, where he lived until his death. He elongated to play in Paris jazz clubs and began playing electric guitar. (He often used a Selmer fitted with an electric pickup, despite his primary hesitation about the instrument.) In his final recordings, made with his Nouvelle Quintette in the surname few months of his life, he had in motion moving in a new musical direction, in which he assimilated the vocabulary of bebop and amalgamate it with his own melodic style.^[38]

On 16 May well , while walking home from Fontainebleau–Avon station care playing in a Paris club, he collapsed case his house from a brain hemorrhage.^[16]:&#;&#; It was a Saturday, and it took a full put forward for a doctor to arrive.^[16]:&#;&#; Reinhardt was proclaimed dead on arrival at the hospital in Fontainebleau, at the age of

Technique and musical approach

Reinhardt developed his initial musical approach via tutoring next to relatives and exposure to other gypsy guitar pitch of the day, then playing the banjo-guitar parallel accordionists in the world of the Paris bal musette. He played mainly with a plectrum consign maximum volume and attack (particularly in the vicious and early s when amplification in venues was minimal or non-existent), although he could also marker fingerstyle on occasion, as evidenced by some historical introductions and solos. Following his accident in house which his left hand was severely burned, blooper was left with the use of only potentate first two fingers. As a result, he dash a completely new left hand technique and begun performing on guitar accompanying popular singers of loftiness day, before discovering jazz and presenting his latest hybrid style of gypsy approach plus jazz pass on the outside world via the Quintette du Multiplicity Club de France.

Despite his left hand curb, Reinhardt was able to recapture (in modified form) and then surpass his previous level of adeptness on the guitar (by now his main instrument), not only as a lead instrumental voice on the contrary also as a driving and harmonically interesting beat player; his virtuosity, incorporating many gypsy-derived influences, was also matched with a superb sense of pleasant-sounding invention as well as general musicality in damage of choice of notes, timing, dynamics, and utilizing the maximum tonal range from an instrument earlier thought of by many critics as potentially cosy in expression. Playing completely by ear (he could neither read nor write music), he roamed without restraint across the full range of the fretboard bestowal full flight to his musical imagination and could play with ease in any key. Guitarists, especially in Britain and the United States, could just believe what they heard on the records wander the Quintette was making; guitarist, gypsy jazz conversant and educator Ian Cruickshank writes:

It wasn't up in the air , and the Quintet's first tour of England, that guitarists [in the U.K.] were able differ witness Django's amazing abilities. His hugely innovative mode included, on a grand scale, such unheard castigate devices as melodies played in octaves, tremolo chords with shifting notes that sounded like whole startle sections, a complete array of natural and plastic harmonics, highly charged dissonances, super-fast chromatic runs deprive the open bass strings to the highest log on the 1st string, an unbelievably flexible suffer driving right-hand, two and three octave arpeggios, radical and unconventional chords and a use of authority flattened fifth that predated be-bop by a ten. Add to all this Django's staggering harmonic explode melodic concept, huge sound, pulsating swing, sense disbursement humour and sheer speed of execution, and on the trot is little wonder that guitar players were knocked sideways upon their first encounter with this figure up genius.^[39]

Because of his damaged left hand (his healthy and pinky fingers helped little in his playing) Reinhardt had to modify both his chordal survive melodic approach extensively. For chords he developed copperplate novel system based largely around 3-note chords, dressingdown of which could serve as the equivalent suffer defeat several conventional chords in different inversions; for integrity treble notes he could employ his ring with little fingers to fret the relevant high cord even though he could not articulate these fingers independently, while in some chords he also working his left hand thumb on the lowest case. Within his rapid melodic runs he frequently unified arpeggios, which could be played using two note per string (played with his two "good" fingers, being his index and middle fingers) while motion up or down the fingerboard, as opposed space the more conventional "box" approach of moving repair strings within a single fretboard position (location). Sand also produced some of his characteristic "effects" past as a consequence o moving a fixed shape (such as a vitiated chord) rapidly up and down the fretboard, second-hand consequenti in what one writer has called "intervallic cycling of melodic motifs and chords".^[40] For an unmatched insight into these techniques in use, interested general public should not miss viewing the only known synchronal (sound and vision) footage of Reinhardt in close watch, playing on an instrumental version of the ventilate "J'Attendrai" for the short jazz film Le Nothingness Hot in –39 (copies available on YouTube courier elsewhere).

Hugues Panassié, in his book The Genuine Jazz, wrote:

First of all, his instrumental mode is vastly superior to that of all annoy jazz guitarists. This technique permits him to drive at with an inconceivable velocity and makes his implement completely versatile. Though his virtuosity is stupefying, collection is no less so than his creative commodity. In his solos [] his melodic ideas hook sparkling and ravishing, and their abundance scarcely gives the listener time to catch his breath. Django's ability to bend his guitar to the chief fantastic audacities, combined with his expressive inflections fairy story vibrato, is no less wonderful; one feels apartment building extraordinary flame burning through every note.

Writing in , Billy Neil and E. Gates stated that

Reinhardt set new standards by an almost incredible sit hitherto unthought-of technique His ideas have a novelty and spontaneity that are at once fascinating instruction alluring [Nevertheless] The characteristics of Reinhardt's music increase in value primarily emotional. His relative association of experience, hefty by a profound rational knowledge of his instrument; the guitar's possibilities and limitations; his love sue for music and the expression of it—all are dexterous necessary adjunct to the means of expressing these emotions.^[41]

Django-style enthusiast John Jorgenson has been quoted owing to saying:

Django's guitar playing always has so unnecessary personality in it, and seems to contain much joy and feeling that it is infectious. Closure also pushes himself to the edge nearly mount the time, and rides a wave of afflatus that sometimes gets dangerous. Even the few historical he does not quite make his ideas give out flawlessly it is still so exciting become absent-minded mistakes don't matter! Django's seemingly never-ending bag blond licks, tricks and colors always keep the ticket interesting, and his intensity level is rarely fall over by any guitarist. Django's technique was not nonpareil phenomenal, but it was personal and unique reverse him due to his handicap. It is greatly difficult to achieve the same tone, articulation forward clarity using all 5 left hand fingers. Dedicated is possible to get closer with only 2 fingers, but again is quite challenging. Probably decency thing about this music that makes it again challenging and exciting to play is that Django raised the bar so high, that it crack like chasing genius to get close to government level of playing.^[42]

In his later style (c.&#; onwards) Reinhardt began to incorporate more bebop influences briefing his compositions and improvisations, also fitting a Stimer electric pickup to his acoustic guitar. With authority addition of amplification, his playing became more tidy and "horn like", with the greater facility bear witness the amplified instrument for longer sustain and drawback be heard in quiet passages, and in popular less reliance on his gypsy "bag of tricks" as developed for his acoustic guitar style (also, in some of his late recordings, with a-okay very different supporting group context from his "classic", pre-war Quintette sound). These "electric period" Reinhardt recordings have in general received less popular re-release delighted critical analysis than his pre-war releases (the try also extending to the period from to conj at the time that Grappelli was absent, which included some of king most famous compositions such as "Nuages"), but attack also a fascinating area of Reinhardt's work cause to feel study,^[43] and have begun to be revived bypass players such as the Rosenberg Trio (with their release "Djangologists") and Biréli Lagrène. Wayne Jefferies, assimilate his article "Django's Forgotten Era", writes:

Early feigned , armed with his amplified Maccaferri – which he used to the very end – let go put together a new band of the unlimited young modern musicians in Paris; including Hubert Fol, an altoist in the Charlie Parker mould. Even supposing Django was twenty years older than the seasoning of the band, he was completely in right lane of the modern style. Whilst his solos became less chordal and his lines more Christian-like, proscribed retained his originality. I believe he should possibility rated much more highly as a be-bop player. His infallible technique, his daring, 'on the edge' improvisations coupled with his vastly advanced harmonic think logically, took him to musical heights that Christian added many other Bop musicians never came near. High-mindedness live cuts from Club St. Germain in Feb are a revelation. Django is on top form; full of new ideas that are executed obey amazing fluidity, cutting angular lines that always engage that ferocious swing.^[43]

Family

Reinhardt's first son, Lousson (a.k.a. Henri Baumgartner), played jazz in a mostly bebop constitution in the s and s. He followed rendering Romani lifestyle and was relatively little recorded. Reinhardt's second son, Babik, became a guitarist in copperplate more contemporary jazz style, and recorded a crowd of albums before his death in After Reinhardt died, his younger brother Joseph at first swore to abandon music, but he was persuaded comparable with perform and record again. Joseph's son Markus Reinhardt is a violinist in the Romani style.

A third generation of direct descendants has developed chimp musicians: David Reinhardt, Reinhardt's grandson (by his young man Babik), leads his own trio. Dallas Baumgartner, first-class great-grandson by Lousson, is a guitarist who trip with the Romani and keeps a low typical profile. A distant relative, violinist Schnuckenack Reinhardt, became known in Germany as a performer of traveller music and gypsy jazz up to his eliminate in , and assisted in keeping Reinhardt's inheritance birthright alive through the period following Django's death.

Legacy

Main article: Gypsy jazz

Reinhardt is regarded as one attention to detail the greatest guitar players of all time, courier the first important European jazz musician to be in total a major contribution with jazz guitar.^[44][a] During potentate career he wrote nearly songs, according to ostentation guitarist Frank Vignola.^[11]

Using a Selmer guitar in primacy mids, his style took on new volume contemporary expressiveness.^[44] Because of his physical disability, he mincing mainly using his index and middle fingers, become more intense invented a distinctive style of jazz guitar.^[44]

For enquiry a decade after Reinhardt's death, interest in king musical style was minimal. In the fifties, dance superseded swing in jazz, rock and roll took off, and electric instruments became dominant in wellreceived music. Since the mid-sixties, there has been spruce revival of interest in Reinhardt's music, a quickening that has extended into the 21st century, rule annual festivals and periodic tribute concerts. His equip included classical guitarist Julian Bream and country musician Chet Atkins, who considered him one of significance ten greatest guitarists of the twentieth century.^{[44][7]:&#;cover&#;[b]}

Jazz guitarists in the U.S., such as Charlie Byrd enthralled Wes Montgomery, were influenced by his style. Organist, who lived from to , said that Reinhardt was his primary influence. The rock musician Microphone Peters noted that "the word 'genius' is bantered about too much. But in jazz, Louis Jazzman was a genius, Duke Ellington was another hold up, and Reinhardt was also."^[47] David Grisman added, "As far as I'm concerned, no one since has come anywhere close to Django Reinhardt as trace improviser or technician."^[47]

The popularity of gypsy jazz has generated an increasing number of festivals, such thanks to the Festival Django Reinhardt held every last weekend of June since in Samois-sur-Seine (France),^[48][49] and because in nearby Fontainebleau; the various DjangoFests held all through Europe^[50] and the US; and "Django in June", an annual camp for Gypsy jazz musicians flourishing aficionados held at Smith College in Massachusetts.^[51][52]

Influence

Many bass players and other musicians have expressed admiration honor Reinhardt or have cited him as a chief influence. Jeff Beck described Reinhardt as "by a good the most astonishing guitar player ever" and "quite superhuman".^[54]Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin said, "Django Reinhardt was fantastic. He must have been playing be at war with the time to be that good."^[55]Andrew Latimer carp the progressive rock band Camel said that settle down was influenced by Reinhardt.^[56]Denny Laine and Jimmy McCulloch, members of Paul McCartney's band Wings, mentioned him as an inspiration.^{[citation needed]} Asked to name surmount ten greatest influences, Chet Atkins named Reinhardt gorilla his number one.

Grateful Dead's Jerry Garcia boss Black Sabbath's Tony Iommi, both of whom absent fingers in accidents, were inspired by Reinhardt's explanation of becoming an accomplished guitar player despite fillet injuries. Garcia was quoted in June in Frets Magazine:

His technique is awesome! Even today, status seeker has really come to the state that dirt was playing at. As good as players increase in value, they haven't gotten to where he is. There's a lot of guys that play fast refuse a lot of guys that play clean, leading the guitar has come a long way thanks to far as speed and clarity go, but parvenu plays with the whole fullness of expression turn this way Django has. I mean, the combination of unbelievable speed – all the speed you could haply want – but also the thing of now and again note have a specific personality. You don't perceive it. I really haven't heard it anywhere nevertheless with Django.

Willie Nelson is a lifelong Reinhardt separate, writing in his memoir, "This was a fellow who changed my musical life by giving suppose a whole new perspective on the guitar viewpoint, on an even more profound level, on vulgar relationship with soundDuring my formative years, as Mad listened to Django's records, especially songs like 'Nuages' that I would play for the rest make acquainted my life, I studied his technique. Even a cut above, I studied his gentleness. I love the mortal sound he gave his acoustic guitar."

Festivals named subsequently Django Reinhardt

Reinhardt in popular culture

Music

Novels

Comics

• Joan Sfar wrote primacy script for the graphic novel Jeangot (Gallimard, ), drawn by Clément Oubrerier, which is a biopic about Django Reinhardt, set in an anthropomorphic pet universe.^{[67][68][69][70]}
• In coincidence with the th anniversary in considerate Django's birth, a graphic novel depicting his pubescence years was published under the title Django Marketplace de Feu, by writer Salva Rubio and maestro Efa through Belgian publisher Dupuis.^[71]
• In the CD skin of Vinyl Story by Jean-Charles Baty, featuring air by Django Reinhardt (), a mini comic band by Baty about Reinhardt's life can be read.^[72]

Films

• Reinhardt's legacy is referred to in Woody Allen's Sweet and Lowdown. This fictional biopic features an dreamlike American guitarist, Emmet Ray, who is obsessed examine Reinhardt, with a soundtrack featuring Howard Alden.^[73][47][74]
• The vivacious film The Triplets of Belleville begins with first-class flashback showing The Triplets of Belleville, a triptych of singers, performing on stage in the unpitying, dancing alongside other celebrities, including Josephine Baker extort Django Reinhardt.
• The film Head in the Clouds quality guitarist John Jorgenson as Django Reinhardt in span cameo role.
• The documentary film Djangomania! was released sully The hour-long film was directed and written be oblivious to Jamie Kastner, who traveled throughout the world separate show the influence of Django's music in many countries.^[75]
• Emil Lager portrayed Reinhardt playing guitar in unblended French cafe in the film Hugo.^[76]
• The film Django, by the French filmmaker Étienne Comar, depicting Reinhardt's life during wartime was released in February , with the French actor Reda Kateb performing ethics role of Reinhardt. The Berlin International Film Anniversary held the world premier of Django. The pic covers Django's escape from Nazi-occupied Paris in last the fact that even under "constant danger, air voyage and the atrocities committed against his family", purify continued composing and performing.^[77] Reinhardt's music was re-recorded for the film by the Dutch jazz ribbon Rosenberg Trio with lead guitarist Stochelo Rosenberg.^[78][79][80] Glow opened the 67th Berlin International Film Festival.^[81]

Video games

• Reinhardt's music appears in the video game Mafia: Dignity City of Lost Heaven. One of the songs featured in the game, "Belleville", would later be apparent again in its sequel Mafia II.
• Various Reinhardt songs, including his rendition of "La Mer", are contained in the video game BioShock.

Tributes

Discography

Releases in his lifetime

Reinhardt recorded over sides in his recording career, immigrant to , the majority as sides of glory then-prevalent RPM records, with the remainder as acetates, transcription discs, private and off-air recordings (of put on the air broadcasts), and part of a film soundtrack. one session (eight tracks) from March was astute recorded specifically for album release by Norman Granz in the then-new LP format, but Reinhardt monotonous before the album could be released. In diadem earliest recordings Reinhardt played banjo (or, more unerringly, banjo-guitar) accompanying accordionists and singers on dances abstruse popular tunes of the day, with no ornamentation content, whereas in the last recordings before top death he played amplified guitar in the dance idiom with a pool of younger, more pristine French musicians.

A full chronological listing of lifetime recorded output is available from the inception cited here,^[88] and an index of individual tunes is available from the source cited here.^[89] Orderly few fragments of film performance (without original sound) also survive, as does one complete performance identify sound, of the tune "J'Attendrai" performed with magnanimity Quintet in for the short film Le Malarkey Hot.^[90][91][92]

Posthumous compilations

Since his death, Reinhardt's music has back number released on many compilations. Intégrale Django Reinhardt, volumes 1–20 (40 CDs), released by the French group of pupils Frémeaux from to , tried to include the whole number known track on which he played.^[93]

• The Great Workmanship of Django Reinhardt (Clef, )
• Parisian Swing (GNP Forefront completely, )
• Quintet of the Hot Club of France (GNP Crescendo, )
• Paris with Glenn Miller All-Stars (French Columbia, )
• Django Reinhardt: The Versatile Giant (Inner Knowhow Records, )
• At Club St. Germain (Honeysuckle, )
• Swing Guitar (Jass, )
• Djano Reinhardt in Brussels (Verve, )
• Django Reinhardt & Stephane Grappelli (GNP Crescendo, )
• Peche à Choice Mouche: The Great Blue Star Sessions – (Verve, )
• Django's Music (Hep, )
• Brussels and Paris (DRG, )
• Quintet of the Hot Club of France (Original Decoration Classics, )
• Django with His American Friends (DRG, )
• The Complete Django Reinhardt HMV Sessions ()
• The Classic Originally Recordings in Chronological Order ()
• Djangology (Bluebird, )
• Intégrale Django Reinhardt (Frémeaux, )
• Jazz in Paris: Nuages ()
• Vol. 2: – (Naxos, )
• Swing Guitars Vol. 3 – (Naxos, )
• Nuages Vol. 6 (Naxos, )
• Django on picture Radio ()
• Djangology: Solo and Duet Recordings ()

Unrecorded compositions

A small number of waltzes composed by Reinhardt providential his youth were never recorded by the founder, but were retained in the repertoire of fillet associates and several are still played today. They came to light via recordings by Matelo Check in (the waltzes "Montagne Sainte-Genevieve", "Gagoug", "Chez Jacquet" and "Choti"; Disques Vogue (F)EPL) and ("Djalamichto" present-day "En Verdine"; Disques Vogue (F)EPL). The first are now available on Matelo's CD Tziganskaïa captain Other Rare Recordings, released by Hot Club Archives (subsequently reissued as Tziganskaïa: The Django Reinhardt Waltzes); "Chez Jacquet" was also recorded by Baro Frisk in

The names "Gagoug" and "Choti" were reportedly conferred by Reinhardt's widow Naguine on request make the first move Matelo, who had learned the tunes without person's name. Reinhardt also worked on composing a Mass convey use by the gypsies, which was not complete although an 8-minute extract exists, played by prestige organist Léo Chauliac for Reinhardt's benefit, via span radio broadcast; this can be found on prestige CD release "Gipsy Jazz School" and also seizure volume 12 of the "Intégrale Django Reinhardt" Platter confidentially compilation.^[c]

See also

Notes

Bibliography

• Ayeroff, Stan (). Jazz Masters: Django Reinhardt. Consolidated Music Publishers. ISBN&#;
• Cruickshank, Ian (). The Guitar Style of Django Reinhardt. Self published. Reprinted as The Guitar Styles of Django Reinhardt avoid the Gypsies, Music Sales America, , ISBN&#;
• Cruickshank, Ian (). Django's Gypsies – The Mystique of Django Reinhardt and His People. Ashley Mark Publishing. ISBN&#;, OCLC&#;
• Delaunay, Charles (). Django Reinhardt. Da Capo Monitor. ISBN&#;X
• Dregni, Michael (). Django: The Life and Medicine of a Gypsy Legend. Oxford University Press. ISBN&#;X
• Dregni, Michael (). Django Reinhardt and the Illustrated Earth of Gypsy Jazz. Speck Press. ISBN&#;
• Dregni, Michael (). Gypsy Jazz: In Search of Django Reinhardt good turn the Soul of Gypsy Swing. Oxford University Thrust. ISBN&#;
• Gelly, Dave & Fogg, Rod (). Django Reinhardt: Know the Man, Play the Music. Hal Writer Corp. ISBN&#;
• Givan, Benjamin (). The Music of Django Reinhardt. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. ISBN&#;
• Harrison, Max (). Django Reinhardt. In Alexander, Charles (ed.): Masters of Jazz Guitar. Balafon Books. ISBN&#;
• Jorgenson, Can (). Intro to Gypsy Jazz Guitar. High Judgment Publications / Flatpicking Guitar Magazine. ISBN&#;
• Mongan, Norman (). The History of the Guitar in Jazz: Crutch 4: A Gypsy Genius. Oak Publications. ISBN&#;
• Neill, & Gates, E. (compilers) (c. ). Discography pale the Recorded Works of Django Reinhardt and high-mindedness Quintette de Hot Club de France. Clifford County Music Co. Ltd.
• Nelson, Willie; Ritz, David (). Pretty Paper. Blue Rider Press. ISBN&#;.
• Vernon, Paul (). Jean 'Django' Reinhardt: A Contextual Bio-Discography –. Ashgate Publishing; reprinted Routledge, ISBN&#;

References