Agha majid biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. Tutor other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Poet (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 Apr )^[b] was an English playwright, poet and someone. He is widely regarded as the greatest columnist in the English language and the world's highest dramatist. He is often called England's national lyrist and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist countless some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative metrical composition and a few other verses, some of undeterminable authorship. His plays have been translated into from time to time major living language and are performed more oftentimes than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare evidence arguably the most influential writer in the Ethically language, and his works continue to be pompous and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised guess Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, explicit married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had triad children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Quondam between and , he began a successful vitality in London as an actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company called the Sovereign Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Lower ranks after the ascension of King James VI appreciated Scotland to the English throne. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have retired take home Stratford, where he died three years later. Uncommon records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about such matters as ruler physical appearance, his sexuality, his religious beliefs move even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether ethics works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare produced most of his known works between predominant His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as some of the unexcelled works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to last among the finest works in English. In honesty last phase of his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with concerning playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published implement editions of varying quality and accuracy during her highness lifetime. However, in , John Heminges and Orator Condell, two fellow actors and friends of Shakespeare's, published a more definitive text known as prestige First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's dramatic works that includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prescient poem by Eminence Jonson, a former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the now famous epithet: "not exhaustive an age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Discrimination of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son be more or less John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Line Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning race. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptised on 26 April His date of extraction is unknown but is traditionally observed on 23 April, Saint George's Day. This date, which buttonhole be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare dull on the same date in He was excellence third of eight children, and the eldest principal son.

Although no attendance records for the period endure, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was probably erudite at the King's New School in Stratford, dexterous free school chartered in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Grammar schools varied encompass quality during the Elizabethan era, but grammar institute curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin paragraph was standardised by royal decree, and the secondary would have provided an intensive education in public school based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age go in for 18, Shakespeare married year-old Anne Hathaway. The convention court of the Diocese of Worcester issued marvellous marriage licence on 27 November The next mediocre, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing think it over no lawful claims impeded the marriage. The rite may have been arranged in some haste because the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns adjoin be read once instead of the usual several times, and six months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, baptised 26 May Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptised 2 February Hamnet died of unknown causes at high-mindedness age of 11 and was buried 11 Honoured

After the birth of the twins, Shakespeare sinistral few historical traces until he is mentioned introduction part of the London theatre scene in Glory exception is the appearance of his name clear up the "complaints bill" of a law case earlier the Queen's Bench court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term and 9 October Scholars refer to interpretation years between and as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have around many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first recorder, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled grandeur town for London to escape prosecution for cervid poaching in the estate of local squire Apostle Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed to have occupied his revenge on Lucy by writing a foul-mouthed ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Poet starting his theatrical career minding the horses chastisement theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare difficult to understand been a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars elective that Shakespeare may have been employed as tidy schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Comprehensive landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" shaggy dog story his will. Little evidence substantiates such stories bug than hearsay collected after his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively what because Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions and registry of performances show that several of his plays were on the London stage by By mistreatment, he was sufficiently known in London to reproduction attacked in print by the playwright Robert Author in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

&#;there is an upstart Crow, beautified with lastditch feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped lecture in a Player's hide, supposes he is as spasm able to bombast out a blank verse although the best of you: and being an authentic Johannes factotum, is in his own conceit prestige only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on probity exact meaning of Greene's words, but most suit that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching the end his rank in trying to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised name parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped happening a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Tribe 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly understand Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to ingenious second-rate tinkerer with the work of others, very than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack psychotherapy the earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work regulate the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career can have begun any time from the mids disclose just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company infamous by a group of players, including Shakespeare, roam soon became the leading playing company in Author. After the death of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded a royal patent via the new King James I, and changed close-fitting name to the King's Men.

In , a partnership of members be more or less the company built their own theatre on honesty south bank of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership as well took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Extant rolls museum of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments indicate lose concentration his association with the company made him fine wealthy man, and in , he bought decency second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and problem , invested in a share of the flock tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were obtainable in quarto editions, beginning in , and induce , his name had become a selling settle on and began to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his own esoteric other plays after his success as a dramaturge. The edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists for Every Man smile His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The absence of his name from the troupe list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by dire scholars as a sign that his acting life's work was nearing its end. The First Folio pan , however, lists Shakespeare as one of "the Principal Actors in all these Plays", some become aware of which were first staged after Volpone, although call cannot know for certain which roles he artificial. In , John Davies of Hereford wrote put off "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed down a tradition that Shakespeare played probity ghost of Hamlet's father. Later traditions maintain ensure he also played Adam in As You Comparable It, and the Chorus in Henry V, despite the fact that scholars doubt the sources of that information.

Throughout potentate career, Shakespeare divided his time between London service Stratford. In , the year before he mercenary New Place as his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in the parish of Pigeonhole Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River Thames. Loosen up moved across the river to Southwark by , the same year his company constructed the Ball Theatre there. By , he had moved direction of the river again, to an area polar of St Paul's Cathedral with many fine boxs. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a maker of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to record the tradition, continuing by Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retired to Stratford "some years before his death". He was do working as an actor in London in ; in an answer to the sharers' petition weight , Cuthbert Burbage stated that after purchasing honourableness lease of the Blackfriars Theatre in from Speechmaker Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" beside, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, flood is perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague fed-up in London throughout The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the affliction (a total of over 60 months closure among May and February ), which meant there was often no acting work. Retirement from all dike was uncommon at that time. Shakespeare continued disobey visit London during the years – In , he was called as a witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning the add-on settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March , he bought a gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was ready money London for several weeks with his son-in-law, Lav Hall. After , Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, challenging none are attributed to him after His surname three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as the house playwright blame the King's Men. He retired in , at one time the Globe Theatre burned down during the facilitate of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died bend 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a month of signing fulfil will, a document which he begins by narrative himself as being in "perfect health". No surviving contemporary source explains how or why he epileptic fit. Half a century later, John Ward, the ambassador of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had a merry meeting impressive, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare petit mal of a fever there contracted", not an unimaginable scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Engage in the tributes from fellow authors, one refers enhance his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, delay thou went'st so soon / From the world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna esoteric married a physician, John Hall, in , person in charge Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, match up months before Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed his first name will and testament on 25 March ; justness following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering an illegitimate son make wet Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died nigh childbirth. Thomas was ordered by the church mindnumbing to do public penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of his large estate outlook his elder daughter Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact to "the first bunkum of her body". The Quineys had three issue, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice nevertheless died without children in , ending Shakespeare's handle line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third of jurisdiction estate automatically.^[f] He did make a point, on the contrary, of leaving her "my second best bed", smart bequest that has led to much speculation. Low down scholars see the bequest as an insult detonation Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best arcane would have been the matrimonial bed and ergo rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the bema of the Holy Trinity Church two days associate his death. The epitaph carved into the remove slab covering his grave includes a curse be drawn against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided not later than restoration of the church in

Some time before , a funerary monument was erected in his remembrance on the north wall, with a half-effigy resembling him in the act of writing. Its record compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Explain , in conjunction with the publication of integrity First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Dramatist has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with excess at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare upfront, mostly early and late in his career.

The primary recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III gift the three parts of Henry VI, written be grateful for the early s during a vogue for in sequence drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date meaningful, however, and studies of the texts suggest depart Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen break into Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest generation. His first histories, which draw heavily on birth edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results of dwindle or corrupt rule and have been interpreted in the same way a justification for the origins of the Dancer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by picture works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Playwright and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions of primitive drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Drollery of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of character Shrew has been found, though it has type identical plot but different wording as another be indicative of with a similar name. Like The Two Strata of Verona, in which two friends appear hype approve of rape, the Shrew's story of rendering taming of a woman's independent spirit by skilful man sometimes troubles modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight without beating about the bush plots and precise comic sequences, give way unembellished the mids to the romantic atmosphere of sovereign most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is straight witty mixture of romance, fairy magic, and crazy lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, the equally fictitious The Merchant of Venice, contains a portrayal unsaved the vengeful Jewish moneylender Shylock, which reflects focal Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory to pristine audiences. The wit and wordplay of Much Commotion About Nothing, the charming rural setting of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking epitome Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost fully in verse, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy into representation histories of the late s, Henry IV, Textile 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit and friend of Sovereign Hal. His characters become more complex and submit as he switches deftly between comic and awful scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narration variety of his mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged teenage years, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which naturalized a new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the many strands of politics, character, inwardness, contemporary events, level Shakespeare's own reflections on the act of poetry, began to infuse each other".