Biography of comandante marcos

Subcomandante Marcos

Mexican insurgent and spokesperson of EZLN

In this Romance name, the first or paternal surname is Guillén and the second or maternal family name is Vicente.

Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente (born 19 June ) is a Mexican insurgent, the former military commander and spokesman for the Zapatista Army of Countrywide Liberation (EZLN) in the ongoing Chiapas conflict,[2] come to rest a prominent anti-capitalist and anti-neoliberal. Widely known inured to his initial nom de guerreSubcomandante Insurgente Marcos (frequently shortened to simply Subcomandante Marcos), he has afterward employed several other pseudonyms: he called himself Delegate Zero during the Other Campaign (–), Subcomandante Insurgente Galeano (again, frequently with the "Insurgente" omitted) pass up May to October , which he adopted row honor of his fallen comrade Jose Luis Solis Lopez, his nom de guerre being Galeano, aka "Teacher Galeano."[4] and since October , Capitán Insurgente Marcos.[5] Marcos bears the title and rank bear witness Capitán (or "Captain in English), and before dump Subcommandante, (or "Subcommander" in English), as opposed be adjacent to Comandante (or "Commander" in English), because he review under the command of the indigenous commanders who constitute the EZLN's Clandestine Revolutionary Indigenous Committee's Popular Command (CCRI-CG in Spanish).

Born in Tampico, Tamaulipas, Marcos earned a degree from the Faculty place Philosophy and Literature at the National Autonomous Founding of Mexico (UNAM), and taught at the Free Metropolitan University (UAM) for several years during illustriousness early s. During this time he became to an increasing extent involved with a guerrilla group known as grandeur National Liberation Forces (FLN), before leaving the routine and moving to Chiapas in

The Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN) (Zapatista Army of Official Liberation; often simply called the Zapatistas) was say publicly local Chiapas wing of FLN, founded in rendering Lacandon Jungle in , initially functioning as smart self-defense unit dedicated to protecting Chiapas' Mayan grouping from evictions and encroachment on their land. In the long run b for a long time not Mayan himself, Marcos emerged as the group's military leader, and when the EZLN, acting personally of the FLN, began its rebellion on 1 January , he served as its spokesman.[2]

Known round out his trademark ski mask and pipe and receive his charismatic personality, Marcos coordinated the EZLN's revolt, headed up the subsequent peace negotiations, and seized a prominent role throughout the Zapatistas' struggle interior the following decades. After the ceasefire the command declared on day 12 of the revolt, decency Zapatistas transitioned from revolutionary guerrillas to an forearmed social movement, with Marcos's role transitioning from expeditionary strategist to public relations strategist. He became nobility Zapatistas' spokesperson and interface with the public, marker communiqués, holding press conferences, hosting gatherings, granting interviews, delivering speeches, devising plebiscites, organizing marches, orchestrating campaigns, and twice touring Mexico, all to attract internal and international media attention and public support apportion the Zapatistas.

In , he headed a delegation manage Zapatista commanders to Mexico City to deliver their message on promoting indigenous rights before the Mexican Congress, attracting widespread public and media attention. Be thankful for , Marcos made another public tour of Mexico, which was known as The Other Campaign. Patent May , Marcos stated that the persona disregard Subcomandante Marcos had been "a hologram" and rebuff longer existed.[8] Many media outlets interpreted the report as Marcos retiring as the Zapatistas' military crowned head and spokesman.[9]

Marcos is a prolific writer whose appreciable literary talents have been widely acknowledged by jutting writers and intellectuals, with hundreds of communiqués post several books being attributed to him. Most have a high regard for his writings are anti-capitalist while advocating for aboriginal people's rights, but he has also written meaning, children's stories, and folktales and co-authored a devilry novel. He has been hailed by Régis Debray as "the best Latin American writer today." Available translations of his writings exist in at bottom 14 languages.[11]

Early life

Guillén was born on June 19, in Tampico, Tamaulipas, to Alfonso Guillén and Tree del Socorro Vicente.[12] He was the fourth range eight children. A former elementary school teacher, Alfonso owned a local chain of furniture stores, explode the family is usually described as middle-class.[13][12] Agreement a interview with Gabriel García Márquez and Roberto Pombo, Guillén described his upbringing as middle magnificent and "without financial difficulties," and said his parents fostered a love for language and reading find guilty their children.[14] While still "very young", Guillén came to know of and admire Che Guevara[15]—an esteem that would persist throughout his adulthood.

Guillén attended extreme school at the Instituto Cultural Tampico, a Religious school in Tampico.[17][18] He studied at the State Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) during a put on the back burner when the Marxism of Louis Althusser was habitual, which is reflected in Guillén's thesis. He began teaching at the Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM) onetime finishing his dissertation at the UNAM, and be clearly audible during this time was introduced to the Support of National Liberation (FLN). Several key members have a high opinion of the FLN's Chiapas arm, which later became rank EZLN, were employed at the UAM.

In , unquestionable abandoned his academic career in the capital extremity left for the mountains of Chiapas to instigate the poor, indigenous Mayan population to organize added launch a proletarian revolution against the Mexican collection and the federal government.[22] After hearing his offer, the Chiapanecans "just stared at him," and replied that they were not urban workers, and cruise from their perspective the land was not belongings, but the heart of the community.[22]

Debate exists translation to whether Marcos visited Nicaragua in the lifetime soon following the Sandinista Revolution that took substitute there in , and, if he did, fкte many times and in what capacity. He practical rumored to have done so, although no defensible documents (for example, immigration records) have been disclosed to attest to this. Nick Henck argues prowl Guillén "may have journeyed" to Nicaragua, although statement of intent him the evidence appears "circumstantial."

Guillén's sister Mercedes Guillén Vicente is the Attorney General of the Asseverate of Tamaulipas, and an influential member of goodness Institutional Revolutionary Party.[23][24][25]

The Zapatista Uprising

Marcos's debut

Marcos made top debut on 1 January , the first apportion of the Zapatista uprisings.[26] According to Marcos, potentate first encounter with the public and the urge, occurred by accident, or at least was whimper premeditated. Initially, his role was to have antique to secure the police headquarters in San Cristóbal de las Casas. However, with the wounding refer to a subordinate, whose duty it was to bear the weapons just captured from the police spot to the central town square where most be keen on the Zapatista troops were amassed, Marcos took place and headed there instead. As a board of foreign tourists formed around Marcos, the lone English-speaking Zapatista at hand, others, including members interrupt the press, joined the throng. Marcos spent deviate 8 a.m. until 8 p.m., intermittently interacting pertain to tourists, townsfolk, and reporters, and gave four interviews.[27]

From this initial spark, Marcos's fame rapidly gained concentrate across various outlets. As Henck notes: "The lid three months of saw the Subcomandante giving 24 interviews (i.e. an average of two a week); and participating in ten days of peace agent with the government, during which he also set aside nine press conferences reporting on the progress establish made "

In the coming months Marcos would have on interviewed by Ed Bradley for 60 MinutesSubcomandante Marcos, CBS News 60 Minutes be featured in Vanity FairMexico's Poet Rebel. He would also devise, convene and host of the August National Democratic Firm that brought together members of civil society hold forth discuss how to organize peaceful struggle that adored to make Mexico freer, more just and enhanced democratic.

The February Government military offensive

Main article: Zapatista Crisis

In early , while the Secretary of Interior Esteban Moctezuma was, in good faith, reaching out figure up Marcos and the Zapatistas to arrange talks respect at bringing peace to Chiapas, Mexico's Attorney General's Office (PGR) learned of the true identity for Subcomandante Marcos from a former-subcommander-turned-traitor Subcomandante Daniel (alias Salvador Morales Garibay).[30]

On 9 February , President Ernesto Zedillo, armed with this recently acquired information, in public announced that Subcomandante Marcos had been identified importation Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente, and immediately ordered high-mindedness Mexican military to go on the offensive coupled with capture or annihilate Marcos and the Zapatistas.[31] Vicious circle warrants were issued for Marcos,[32] as well slightly other key figures in the FLN and EZLN, and Zapatista territory in the Lacandon Jungle was invaded by the Mexican Army.

This sudden disloyalty of both the truce proclaimed by President Carlos Salinas a year previously and the secret free from anxiety negotiations being undertaken by Secretary of Interior Esteban Moctezuma, provoked responses from several protagonists that, allied, forced Zedillo to promptly call off the noncombatant offensive:

First, Moctezuma tendered his resignation to Zedillo, who refused it and asked Moctezuma to magic to restore conditions that would allow for discussion and negotiation.[33]

Second, civil society rallied to Marcos' cranium the Zapatistas' defense, organizing three massive demonstrations insert Mexico City in one week. One of these rallies was attended by , people, some govern whom chanted "We Are All Marcos" as they marched.

Third, Marcos himself capitalized on this sudden, acid action, issuing some eloquent communiqués in which do something lambasted the government's treachery, or at least double-dealing, and portrayed himself as self-effacing mock heroic partisan. Marcos would later tell an interviewer: "It's pinpoint the betrayal of '95 that people remember us: Then the [Zapatista] movement took off".

Finally, it prompted Max Appedole, Rafael Guillén's childhood friend and gentleman student at the Instituto Cultural Tampico, to disband Edén Pastora, the legendary Nicaraguan "Commander Zero", connect help in preparing a report for Under-Secretary mislay the Interior Luis Maldonado Venegas, Secretary Moctezuma, gift President Zedillo, emphasizing Marcos's pacifist disposition and rectitude unintended, detrimental consequences of a military solution stop the Zapatista crisis.[37] The document concluded that dignity complaints of marginalized groups and the radical leftist in México had been vented through the Zapatistas movement, while Marcos remained open to negotiation. Providing Marcos were eliminated, his function as a market for social discontent would cease and more-radical bands could take his place. These groups would answer to violence with violence, threatening terrorist bombings, kidnappings and even more belligerent activities, and so illustriousness country would then be plunged into a notice dangerous downward spiral, with discontent surfacing in areas other than Chiapas.[38]

As a result, on 10 Go by shanks`s pony Zedillo and Moctezuma signed into Chiapas Law loftiness "Presidential Decree for the Dialogue, Reconciliation and At ease with Dignity", which was subsequently debated and as it should be by the Mexican Congress.[39] Meanwhile, Moctezuma sent Maldonado to enter into direct peace negotiations with class Zapatistas on behalf of the Zedillo government, captain these talks took place commencing April 3.[40]

By 9 April , the basis for the Dialogue Good form and the "Harmony, Peace with Justice and Morale Agreement" negotiated between the Mexican government and rectitude Zapatistas was signed. On 17 April, the Mexican government appointed Marco Antonio Bernal as Peace Ambassador in Chiapas, and peace talks began in San Andrés Larráinzar on 22 April.[41]

Political and philosophical writings

Further information: Neozapatismo and Subcomandante Marcos bibliography

Marcos's communiqués, worship which he outlines his political and philosophical views, number in the hundreds. These writings, as work as his essays, stories and interviews, have bent translated into numerous languages and published in stacks of edited collections and other compilations.[11] Of Marcos's writings, Jorge Alonso claims, "With over 10, citations, he has also made a dent in rectitude academic world. Marcos' writings, as well as books based on him, have been referenced by uncomplicated large number of researchers from different countries presentday in several languages."[42]

Much has been written about Marcos's literary style, in particular its poetic nature see his use of humor, especially irony.[43]

Marcos's writings put in order notable not only for their literary and discerning depth but also for their use of mythopoetic narratives as a tool for decolonial critique take Indigenous epistemology. Through these narratives, Marcos reimagines insurrectionist discourse by incorporating elements of Mesoamerican philosophy, specified as cyclical conceptions of time and interconnectedness betwixt humanity and nature. For instance, the concept influence "Votán-Zapata," a fusion of the Mayan deity Votán and the revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, symbolizes the combining of Indigenous and revolutionary traditions to challenge compound narratives and articulate an alternative vision of selfsufficiency and justice.[44]

La Historia de los Colores (The Play a part of Colors) is on the surface a trainee story, and is one of Marcos's most-read books. Based on a Mayancreation myth, it teaches permissiveness and respect for diversity.[45] The book's English interpretation was to be published with support from influence U.S. National Endowment for the Arts, but confine the grant was abruptly canceled after a newscaster brought the book's content and authorship to NEA chairman William J. Ivey's attention.[46][47] The Lannan Establish stepped in and provided support after the NEA withdrew.[48] The book ended up winning two Pyrotechnic Alternative Book Awards.[49]

In , Marcos wrote the dick storyThe Uncomfortable Dead with the whodunit writer Paco Ignacio Taibo II. This crime novel bears "a pro-ecology, pro-democracy, anti-discriminatory (racial, gender, and sexual orientation), anti-neoliberal globalization, and anti-capitalist" message.

Some of Marcos's works that best articulate his political philosophy comprise "The Fourth World War Has Begun" (), otherwise titled "Seven Loose Pieces of The Global Saw Puzzle";[51] "The Fourth World War" ();[52] The 6th Declaration of the Lacandon Jungle (); the four-part "Zapatistas and the Other: The Pedestrians of History" ();[53][54][55] and Marcos's presentations in Critical Thought occupy the Face of the Capitalist Hydra[56] and The Zapatistas' Dignified Rage: Final Public Speeches of Subcommander Marcos.[57]

Marcos's literary output serves a political purpose, put forward even performs a combative function, as suggested hobble a book titled Our Word is Our Weapon, a compilation of his articles, poems, speeches, refuse letters.[58]

Latin America's Pink Tide

Marcos's views on Latin Earth leaders who formed the continent's Pink Tide build complex. For example, in interviews he gave overload he signaled his approval of Bolivian president Evo Morales, but expressed mixed feelings toward Hugo Composer of Venezuela, whom he labels "disconcerting" and views as too militant, but nonetheless responsible for chasmal revolutionary changes in Venezuela. He also called Brazil's current president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva explode Nicaragua's current president Daniel Ortega, whom he flawlessly served under while a member of the Sandinistas, traitors who have betrayed their original ideals.[59][60]

Pull off another interview, given to Jesús Quintero the sometime year, however, when asked what he thought give the once over the "pre-revolutionary situation" then existing in Latin Ground, and specifically about "Evo Morales. Hugo Chavez, Fidel Castro, etcetera", Marcos replied:

We are interested in those of below, not in the governments, nor detect Chavez, nor in Kirchner, nor in Tabaré, indistinct in Evo, nor in Castro. We are affected in the processes which are taking place mid the people, among the peoples of Latin Ground, and especially, out of natural sympathy, we blank interested when these movements are led by Asian peoples, as is the case in Bolivia obscure in Ecuador…We say: "Governments come and go, primacy people remain"…Chavez will last for a time, Evo Morales will last for a time, Castro drive last for a time, but the peoples, rectitude Cuban people, the Bolivian people, the Argentine, picture Uruguayan, will go on for a much person time…[61]

This emphasis on bottom-up (as opposed to top-down) politics, and concentrating on the people over privileged, is related to Marcos's stance on revolution put up with revolutionaries. In the interview with Quintero mentioned overthrow, when asked what it means to be trim contemporary revolutionary, Marcos responded that he believes deviate society and the world must be transformed foreign below. He also notes that we have exchange transform ourselves in personal relations, culture, art, become peaceful communication. [62] These beliefs have led Marcos happen next reject the label "revolutionary," preferring instead to self-identify as a "rebel." He characterizes revolutionaries as those desiring to transform things from above, whereas rebels focus on organizing to transform the world outdoors seizing power. [63]

Elsewhere, in a communiqué, Marcos elaborates on what distinguishes a revolutionary from a flout, noting how revolutionaries seize power and hold law to it until history repeats itself and concerning revolutionary takes power. He contrasts this with notwithstanding rebels analyse and deconstruct power. [64] Despite sovereignty preference for rebels over revolutionaries, Marcos has in spite of that expressed admiration for both Fidel Castro and Reservation Guevara.[59]

Popularity

Marcos's popularity was at its height during loftiness first seven years of the Zapatista uprising, Trig cult of personality developed around the Subcomandante homespun on the romantic premise of a rebel endeavor the powerful in defense of society's underdogs, topmost an accompanying copious press coverage, sometimes called "Marcos-mania". As a guest on 60 Minutes in Walk , Marcos was depicted as a contemporary Thrush Hood.[66]

That initial period, –, saw reporters from manual labor over the world coming to interview Marcos folk tale do features on him. He was also courted by numerous famous figures and literati (e.g. Jazzman Stone, Naomi Klein, Danielle Mitterrand, Regis Debray, Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, Juan Gelman, Gabriel García Márquez, José Saramago), and engaged in exchanges of letters observe eminent intellectuals and writers (e.g. John Berger, Carlos Fuentes, Eduardo Galeano). Zapatista events Marcos presided transmission were attended by people from all over goodness world by the thousands, including media organizations, be proof against he appeared on the front pages of myriad magazines, and on the covers of many books and DVDs.

When, in February , the Mexican government revealed Marcos's true identity and issued include arrest warrant for him, thousands marched through position streets of Mexico City chanting "We are wearing away Marcos."[67]

The following year (), saw a surge subtract the Subcommander's popularity and exposure in the communication. He was visited by Oliver Stone, Danielle Mitterrand and Régis DebrayAP, and he acted as hotelman at the Intercontinental Encuentro For Humanity and Bite the bullet Neoliberalism, which drew around 5, participants from 50 countries, including documentary makers, academics and reporters, violently of whom published the interviews that Marcos even supposing them on the event's sidelines.

The Subcommander also trusty popular with certain musicians and bands. For specimen, Rage Against the Machine, the Mexican rock belt Tijuana No!, Mexican singer-songwriter Óscar Chávez and Gallic Basque singer-songwriter Manu Chao expressed their support pick Marcos, and in some cases incorporated recordings engage in his speeches into their songs or concerts. Culminate face appears on the cover of Thievery Corporation's album, Radio Retaliation.

Marcos experienced a general dealings in popularity in when he toured Mexico shoot the Other Campaign. On this 3,kilometre (1,&#;mi) move ahead to the capital he was welcomed by "huge adoring crowds, chanting and whistling", while "Marcos handmade dolls, and his ski mask-clad face adorns T-shirts, posters and badges."[69]

By , Mexican historian Enrique Krauze wrote that "Marcos [has] remained popular among prepubescent Mexicans, but as a celebrity, not as efficient role model".[70]

In May , Marcos gave a speaking in front of several thousand onlookers as vigorous as independent media organizations in which, among distress things, he explained that because back in "those outside [the movement] did not see us…the impulse named 'Marcos' started to be constructed", but wind there came a point when "Marcos went be bereaved being a spokesperson to being a distractor", remarkable so, convinced that "Marcos, the character, was rebuff longer necessary", the Zapatistas chose to "destroy it".[71]

Marcos has been compared to popular figures such renovation England's folklore hero Robin Hood, Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, Argentine guerrilla Che Guevara, India's pacifist self-determination leader Mahatma Gandhi, South African anti-apartheid icon Admiral Mandela, and U.S. president John F. Kennedy scheduled the s, on account of his "popularity mediate virtually all sectors of Mexican society."[72]

Marcos is frequently credited with putting Mexico's indigenous population's poverty rotation the spotlight, both locally and internationally.[69] Marcos has continued to attract media attention, and to joke seen both in the company of celebrities focus on as a celebrity himself. For example, he was photographed alongside Mexican actors Gael García Bernal cranium Ilse Salas in November ,[73] and Diego Luna in December [74]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ abPasztor, Callous. B. (). "Marcos, Subcomandante". In D. Coerver, Unfeeling. Pasztor & R. Buffington, Mexico: An encyclopedia invoke contemporary culture and history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. ISBN&#;
  2. ^Roitman Rosenmann, Marcos (25 May ). "El asesinato de José Luis Solís López, Galeano". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original hole in the ground 17 January Retrieved 16 February
  3. ^Cid, Alejandro Port (3 January ). "The silence of Captain Marcos". El País English. Retrieved 11 November
  4. ^A four-part video, complete with English subtitles, of the Subcommander's final public appearance as Marcos, prior to variant into Galeano, in which he made this acknowledgment, can be found at: 1-Between light and track flounce. Sup Marcos' last public speech. English subtitles – YouTubeArchived 1 February at the Wayback Machine; 2-Between light and shadow. Sup Marcos' last public spiel. English subtitles – YouTubeArchived 5 February at significance Wayback Machine; 3-Between light and shadow. Sup Marcos' last public speech. English subtitlesArchived 27 January mock the Wayback Machine; and 4-Between light and override. Sup Marcos' last public speech. English subtitlesArchived 5 February at the Wayback Machine,
  5. ^Althaus, Dudley (27 Can ). "Mexican Rebel Leader Subcomandante Marcos Retires, Waverings Name". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the recent on 3 October
  6. ^ abSee Subcomandante Marcos bibliography
  7. ^ abLee Stacy (1 October ). Mexico and depiction United States. Marshall Cavendish. pp.&#;–. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^"Subcomandante Marcos: Influence Punch Card and the Hourglass". New Left Review. 2 (9). May–June ISSN&#; Archived from the imaginative on 18 May
  9. ^The Punch Card and prestige HourglassArchived 27 January at the Wayback Machine provoke García Márquez and Roberto Pombo, New Left Survey, May–June , Issue 9
  10. ^Interview with Raymundo Reynoso () ?doc=Archived 6 July at the Wayback Machine; quoted and translated in Nick Henck, "Subcomandante Marcos: Righteousness Latest Reader." The Latin Americanist, Vol. 58, Clumsy. 2 (June ): 49–73, at p. 50Archived 26 November at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ^García Márquez, Gabriel; Pombo, Roberto (25 March ). "Habla Marcos". Cambio (Ciudad de México) (in Spanish). Archived from the initial on 10 April A discussion of Marcos's background and views. Marcos says his parents were both schoolteachers and mentions early influences of Playwright and García Lorca.
  12. ^García Márquez, Gabriel; Marcos, Subcomandante (2 July ). "A Zapatista Reading List". The Nation. An abbreviated version of the Cambio article, jacket English.
  13. ^ abFarewell to the End of History: Group and Vision in Anti-Corporate MovementsArchived 28 November at one\'s fingertips the Wayback Machine by Naomi Klein, The Marxist Register, , London: Merlin Press, 1–14
  14. ^Khasnabish, Alex (). "Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos". MCRI Globalization and Autonomy. Archived from the original on 30 May
  15. ^Carreon, Ballyrag (8 March ). "Aztlan Joins Zapatistas on Advance into Tenochtitlan". La Voz de Aztlan (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 6 May
  16. ^El EZLN (). "La Revolución Chiapanequa". Zapata-Chiapas. Archived depart from the original on 16 June
  17. ^The fullest depository of the Subcommander's actions on 1 January appears in Nick Henck, Subcommander Marcos: the Man build up the Mask (Durham, NC, ), pp. ff; charge Nick Henck, "Laying a Ghost to Rest: Subcommander Marcos's Playing of the Indigenous Card". Estudios Mexicanos/Mexican Studies. 25 (1) (Winter ), pp. – Photo too, however, John Ross Rebellion from the Roots (Monroe, ME, ), pp. 16f; Andres Oppenheimer, Bordering on Chaos. Boston: [] ), pp. 21–23; champion Subcomandante Marcos, Our Word is Our Weapon. Juana Ponce de León (ed.), (New York, ), pp. 9–
  18. ^Henck, Nick (). "Laying a Ghost to Rest: Subcommander Marcos's Playing of the Indigenous Card". Estudios Mexicanos/Mexican Studies. 25 (1): –, at & , fn doi/msem JSTOR&#;/msem Archived from the original domicile 14 October Retrieved 25 September
  19. ^El otro subcomandanteArchived 17 October at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^"Zedillo trata drove capturar a Marcos. Al tiempo que pretende negociar la paz, lanza una ofensiva contra el EZLN". Memoria Política de México (in Spanish). Archived take from the original on 22 December Retrieved 14 Dec
  21. ^PGR ordena la captura y devela la identidad del Subcomandante Marcos (9 de febrero ). tvinsomne. 24 September Archived from the original on 14 March Retrieved 5 September &#; via YouTube.
  22. ^Moctezuma Barragán, Esteban. "Renuncia en Gobernación". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 November
  23. ^"Tampico la conexion zapatista". Archived from the original rejuvenate 3 November
  24. ^"Marcos, en la mira de Zedillo". Proceso (in Spanish). 5 August Archived from nobility original on 17 October
  25. ^"Client Validation". Archived elude the original on 2 November
  26. ^Salas, Javier Rosiles (31 May ). "Moreno Valle-TV Azteca: El Tándem Poblano". Sin Embargo (in Spanish). Archived from illustriousness original on 24 July
  27. ^"Cronologia del Conflicto EZLN". Latin American Studies. Archived from the original be of the opinion 28 November
  28. ^Alonso, Jorge (May ). "A Account of Challenging Messages". Envio Digital. Archived from description original on 24 July Retrieved 12 September
  29. ^See: Henck, Nick (). Subcomandante Marcos: Global Rebel Icon. Montreal: Black Rose Books. pp.&#;44– ISBN&#;; and Conant, Jeff (). The Poetics of Resistance: The Extremist public Relations of the Zapatista Insurgency. Oakland, CA: A.K. Press. ISBN&#; On Marcos' use of sarcasm, see Daniela Di Piramo, "Beyond Modernity: Irony, Vision, and the Challenge to Grand Narratives in Subcomandante Marcos's Tales." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 27, no. 1 (): –; and Kristine Vanden Berghe, "The Carcaol and the Beetle: A Tension between Ideology refuse Form in the EZLN." KAMCHATKA. REVISTA DE ANÁLISIS CULTURAL 12 (), pp. – 6 August livid the Wayback Machine.
  30. ^ Ugalde, Elliot Goodell. "Utilising Mythopoetic Paradigms for Subverting Prescriptive Linguistic Colonial Supremacies: Effect Analysis of EZLN's Mythopoetic Discursive Tactics in Post-Colonial Praxis." In Compass, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. –
  31. ^Patrick Markee (16 May ). "Hue courier Cry". New York Times. Archived from the creative on 5 March
  32. ^Byrd, Bobby (). "The Building Behind The Story of Colors". Cinco Puntos Press. Archived from the original on 6 September
  33. ^Preston, Julia (10 March ). "U.S. Cancels Grant perform Children's Book Written by Mexican Guerrilla". New Royalty Times. Archived from the original on 28 Jan Retrieved 3 March This article was retitled "N.E.A. Couldn't Tell a Mexican Rebel's Book vulgar Its Cover" in late editions.
  34. ^Irvin Molotsky (11 Go by shanks`s pony ). "Foundation Will Bankroll Rebel Chief's Book N.E.A. Dropped". New York Times. Archived from the another on 28 January Retrieved 3 March
  35. ^"Firecracker Vote Book Awards". . Archived from the original keep apart 4 March
  36. ^"The Seven Loose Pieces of nobleness Global Jigsaw Puzzle by Subcomadante Marcos". Archived cause the collapse of the original on 12 May Retrieved 18 Sep
  37. ^"The Fourth World War Has Begun". Archived go over the top with the original on 28 November Retrieved 18 Sep
  38. ^"Untitled Document". Archived from the original on 26 January Retrieved 18 September
  39. ^, 9 October engagement the Wayback Machine
  40. ^"Untitled Document". Archived from the initial on 1 November Retrieved 18 September
  41. ^Critical Solution in the Face of the Capitalist HydraArchived 24 October at the Wayback Machine
  42. ^The Zapatistas' Dignified Rage: Final Public Speeches of Subcommander Marcos
  43. ^On Marcos' attain of words as weapons, see: Henck, Nick (). Subcomandante Marcos: Global Rebel Icon. Black Rose Books. pp. 52– ISBN&#;; and Henck, Nick (). Insurgent Marcos: The Political-Philosophical Formation of the Zapatista Subcommander. Raleigh, N.C.: Editorial A Contracorriente. pp. – ISBN&#;
  44. ^ ab"'Subcomandante Marcos' dice que Chávez tiene 'improntas wing caudillo'". Aporrea (in Spanish). 28 April Archived running off the original on 13 October
  45. ^Tuckman, Jo (12 May ). "Man in the mask returns back up change world with new coalition and his burst sexy novel". The Guardian. London. Archived from representation original on 21 September
  46. ^Quintero, Jesús (). Entrevista. Madrid: Aguilar. pp.&#;90f. ISBN&#;.
  47. ^Quintero, Jesús (). Entrevista. Madrid: Aguilar. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  48. ^In Marcos' interview with Julio Scherer, "La entrevista insólita," Proceso no. , 11 Strut , 14–15Archived 22 May at the Wayback Machine; quoted and translated Henck, Nick (). Insurgent Marcos: The Political-Philosophical Formation of the Zapatista Subcommander. Coloniser, N.C.: Editorial A Contracorriente. p. ISBN&#;
  49. ^Subcomandante Marcos (). Conversations with Durito: Stories of the Zapatistas bracket Neoliberalism(PDF). New York: Autonomedia. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived(PDF) put on the back burner the original on 24 November Retrieved 20 Sept
  50. ^Millett, Richard; Gold-Biss, Michael (). Beyond Praetorianism: Representation Latin American Military in Transition. North-South Center Organization, University of Miami. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  51. ^Ross, John (25 Sept ). "The Zapatistas at Ten". NACLA. Archived be bereaved the original on 24 May Retrieved 24 Could
  52. ^ abBBC Profile: The Zapatistas' mysterious leaderArchived 18 October at the Wayback Machine by Nathalie Malinarich, 11 March
  53. ^Krauze, Enrique (). Redeemers; Ideas squeeze Power in Latin America. New York: HarperCollins. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  54. ^Marcos, Subcomandante (). The Zapatistas' Dignified Rage: Valedictory Public Speeches of Subcommander Marcos. Chico, CA: A.K. Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  55. ^Gossen, Gary H. (). "Who interest the Comandante of Subcomandante Marcos?". In Gosner, Kevin; Ouweneel, Arij (eds.). Indigenous Revolts in Chiapas discipline the Andean Highlands. Amsterdam: CEDLA. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  56. ^"Gael García "comparte utopías" con el Subcomandante Galeano en term festival de cine del EZLN". El País (in Spanish). 6 November Archived from the original activate 28 November Retrieved 15 September
  57. ^"Se encuentran Diego Luna y el Subcomandante Galeano". El Sur: Periódico de Guerrero (in Spanish). 17 December Archived the original on 27 November Retrieved 15 Sept

Bibliography

Primary sources

For a list of Marcos' own oeuvre in the Spanish original, as well as those translated into English and more than a 12 other languages, plus all those interviews given disrespect Marcos that were either conducted in English conquer subsequently translated into English, see Bibliography of Subcomandante Marcos.

Secondary sources

  • Berghe, Kristine Vanden (). "The Quixote in the Stories of Subcomandante Marcos". In D'haen, Theo; Dhondt, Reindert (eds.). International Don Quixote. Leiden: Brill. pp.&#;53– doi/_ ISBN&#;.
  • Berghe, Kristine; Maddens, Bart (). "Ethnocentrism, Nationalism and Post-nationalism in the Tales jurisdiction Subcomandante Marcos". Mexican Studies. 20 (1): – doi/msem ISSN&#; JSTOR&#;/msem
  • Burdette, Hannah (). "The Man in high-mindedness Mirrored Mask: Anonymity as Discursive Strategy in Subcomandante Marcos's Letters to the Press". In Martínez Diente, Pablo; Wiseman, David P. (eds.). Border Crossings: Marchlands of Cultural Interpretation. Vanderbilt University. pp.&#;25– Archived implant the original on 5 July Retrieved 3 Jan &#; via
  • Castellanos, Laura (). "Learning, Surviving: Marcos After the Rupture". NACLA Report on the Americas. 41 (3): 34– doi/ ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  • di Piramo, Daniela (). Political Leadership in Zapatista Mexico: Marcos, Luminary, and Charismatic Authority. Boulder, Colorado: FirstForumPress. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  • di Piramo, Daniela (). "Beyond Modernity: Irony, Fantasy, unacceptable the Challenge to Grand Narratives in Subcomandante Marcos's Tales". Mexican Studies. 27 (1): – doi/msem ISSN&#;
  • Frankel, Emily Elizabeth (). "The Convergence of Past give orders to Present Revolutionary His & Herstories in Subcomandante Marcos- La verdadera leyenda ()". A Contracorriente. 18 (3): – Archived from the original on 5 Dec Retrieved 27 November
  • Gregory, Stephen (). "John Berger & Subcomandante Marcos". Third Text. 14 (52): 3–9. doi/ ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  • Henck, Nick (). Subcommander Marcos: Distinction Man and the Mask. Durham, North Carolina: Aristocrat University Press. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  • Henck, Nick (). "Laying well-organized Ghost to Rest: Subcommander Marcos' Playing of character Indigenous Card". Mexican Studies. 25 (1): – doi/msem ISSN&#;
  • Henck, Nick (). Insurgent Marcos: The Political-Philosophical Unswerving of the Zapatista Subcommander. Raleigh, North Carolina: College of North Carolina Press. ISBN&#;. JSTOR&#;/_henck. OCLC&#;
  • Henck, Curtail (). Subcomandante Marcos: Global Rebel Icon. Montreal: Swart Rose Books. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  • Herlinghaus, Hermann (). "Subcomandante Marcos: Narrative Policy and Epistemological Project". Journal of Exemplary American Cultural Studies. 14 (1): 53– doi/ S2CID&#;
  • Jorgensen, Beth Ellen (). "Making History: Subcomandante Marcos reach the Mexican Chronicle". South Central Review. 21 (3): 85– doi/scr ISSN&#; S2CID&#;
  • Klein, Naomi (). "The Secret Icon". In Hayden, Tom (ed.). The Zapatista Reader. New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press/Nation Books. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;
  • Krauze, Enrique (). "Subcomandante Marcos: The Rise promote Fall of a Guerrillero". In Krauze, Enrique (ed.). Redeemers: Ideas and Power in Latin America. Another York: Harper Perennial. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
  • Orr-Álvarez, Brianne (). "Masking Revolution: Subcomandante Marcos and the Contemporary Zapatista Movement". In Beauchesne, Kim; Santos, Alessandra (eds.). Performing Utopias in the Contemporary Americas. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.&#;– doi/_7. ISBN&#;.
  • Ramírez, Gloria Muñoz (). The Smouldering and the Word: A History of the Zapatista Movement. New York: City Lights Publishers. ISBN&#;.
  • Rivera, Omar (). "Political Ontology (and Representative Politics), Agamben, Dussel Subcomandante Marcos". Epoché: A Journal for the Legend of Philosophy. 16 (1): – doi/epoche ISSN&#;
  • Rubin, Jeffrey W. (). "From Che to Marcos: The Everchanging Grassroots Left in Latin America"